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Introduction
Administrative Divisions of the Roman Empire c. 14 CE (map)
Tracey J. Kinney
Justin Martyr and Antoninus Pius
The Case of Polycarp
Featured Individual: Vibia Perpetua
A Renaissance Conception of Martyrdom
Two Views of the Martyrdom of Eulàlia of Mérida
Sources & Suggestions for Further Reading
Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
Niall Christie
An Account of the First Revelation to the Prophet
What Muslims Believe
Extracts from The Qur'an
The Pact of 'Umar
Images of Muhammad
The Rashidun and the Early Muslim Conquests
An Account of the Muslim Conquest of Syria
The First Fitna and the Origins of Shi‘ism
The Hadith of Ghadir Khumm
Sources & Suggestions for Further Research
The Plague of Cyprian, c. 252
The Plague of Justinian, c. 541-542
The Plague of 664
Plague in an Ancient City
The Antonine Plague
Responses to the Plague
Adrianna Bakos
Symptoms and Treatment
The Inheritance
Barrie Brill
Frankish Gaul c. 711
The Succession
A New Foundation
Hincmar of Reims against Charles Martel
Extract from the History of the Bishops of Auxerre (ca. 715-720)
Reintegration of the Peripheral Principalities
Echo of the Battle of Toulouse, 721
The Battle of Poitiers as Viewed by an Anonymous Christian Mozarabic Chronicler Living in Cordoba
The Battle of Poitiers as Viewed by the First Continuator of the Chronicle of Fredegar
Consolidation
Charles Martel, Princeps and Subregulus (Prince and Viceroy)
Council of Estinnes, 743
The Roman Mediterranean c. 337 CE
Aleksandar Jovanović
Classical Roman Empire
Early Byzantine Period (330–717)
Middle Byzantine Period (717-1071)
The Komnenoi (1071-1204)
The Eastern Mediterranean c. 1096 CE
Late Byzantine Period (1204-1453)
Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading
Origins of the True Stirrup
Jessica Hemming
Spread
The Pictorial Evidence
The Stratēgikon of the Emperor Maurice
The Byzantine Empire c. 600 CE
The Technological Advantages of the Stirrup
The Great Stirrup Controversy
Glossary
Contributors
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The Ancient and Medieval World Copyright © by Adrianna Bakos; Barrie Brill; Niall Christie; Jessica Hemming; Aleksandar Jovanović; and Tracey J. Kinney is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.