2.7 Hate Crime, Extremism, and Terrorism

Hate crime is outlined in section 319(2) of the Criminal Code of Canada, which states that it is a crime to promote hatred against any group by making a public statement (this does not extend to private conversations). These statements are usually directed at the race or ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation of a person or group. Hate crimes are not easily classified as violent or non-violent because, in some cases, hate crimes are statements, while in other cases judges may decide that hateful statements that precede physically violent incidents are in fact aggravating factors, thus increasing the severity of the statements in the eyes of the criminal justice system (the opposite of mitigating factors, which decrease severity). Police reported 4,882 hate crimes in 2024. A total of 2,377 of these crimes were directed at race or ethnicity, 1,342 involved religion, and 658 targeted the victim’s sexual orientation (Statistics Canada, 2025). Changes in hate crime rates reflect larger social contexts, with East and Southeast Asian people experiencing high rates of hate crimes during the pandemic (312 in 2021) due to anti-Asian racism, which dropped down to 185 reported cases in 2024. Hate crimes against Jewish people similarly rose after October 7th 2023, with 1,345 hate crimes reported in 2023 and 1,342 in 2024, compared with 768 hate crimes against Jewish people in 2022. Hate crimes against Muslims also rose during this time, from 109 in 2022 to 229 in 2024 (Statistics Canada, 2025).

One reason for the increase in hate crimes overall is the recent proliferation of right-wing extremist groups in North America. Partly in response to 9/11, terror threats from abroad were given a great deal of attention by law enforcement agencies during the early 2000s. However, in more recent years, law enforcement organisations such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation have expressed increasing concern about the threat of homegrown terrorist groups.  Most of these groups are associated with forms of right-Wing extremism (e.g., Boogaloo Movement, The Second Sons, Blood and Honor, Oathkeepers, and QAnon).

A great deal of this surge in right-wing extremism can be attributed to highly inflammatory rhetoric from politicians such as former President Donald Trump directed at immigrants and African-Americans. Such incendiary statements from Trump include the following:

When Mexico sends its people, they’re not sending their best. They’re not sending you. They’re sending people that have lots of problems, and they’re bringing those problems with them. They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people. (June 16, 2015 as quoted in Ye Hee Lee, 2015)

Why are we having all these people from shithole countries come here…We should have more people from places like Norway. (July 11, 2018 as quoted in O’Connor and Marans, 2017)

By the way, it’s a disease, without question, [that] has more names, than any disease in history…I can name kung flu, I can name 19 different versions of names. (June 20, 2020)

It should be noted that Canada has also seen an increase in political extremism in recent years (Perry & Scrivens, 2016, 2018). In February 2021, the Canadian government labeled the far-right extremist group, the Proud Boys and two other Neo-Nazi organisations as terrorist groups for their role in the assault on the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021 (Tasker, 2021).

The next section will examine broader changes in crime patterns over time. In the last 30 years, the crime rate has changed significantly and in surprising ways, and many of these changes were not anticipated by criminologists who have spent their professional careers studying crime.