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zSk3A$ $ content.xmlAcademic IntegrityAcademic IntegrityUlrike KestlerKwantlen Polytechnic UniversitySurrey, B.CAcademic Integrity by Ulrike Kestler is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.ContentsIntroductionHow to Use this Book Part One: Academic Integrity Academic Integrity: IntroductionAcademic Integrity Values: Honesty and TrustAcademic Integrity Values: Fairness and RespectAcademic Integrity Values: Responsibility and CourageAcademic Integrity Policy & ProceduresAcademic Integrity Violations: ConsequencesPart One Recap and Quiz Part Two: Understanding Plagiarism Plagiarism DefinedMisrepresentation: Contract CheatingMisrepresentation: CollusionMisrepresentation: Copying and PastingMisrepresentation: RecyclingMisrepresentation: Improper Writing & CitingPlagiarism and Intellectual OutputPlagiarism or not?How is Plagiarism Detected?A Few Famous Plagiarism CasesPart Two Recap and Quiz Part Three: Citation Skills Why we citeWhat You Need to CiteCommon KnowledgeCitation StylesWhere to citePlacing Your CitationsCorresponding ReferencesCommon Examples of PlagiarismPart Three Recap and Quiz Part Four: Writing Skills QuotingParaphrasingParaphrasing vs PatchwritingHow to ParaphraseChristina PageSummarizingNote Taking SkillsUlrike Kestler and Christina PageGetting Help: Learning Centre TutorsGetting Help: Other TutorsChristina PageGetting Help: The LibraryPart Four Recap and QuizCongratulations! Part Five: Practise APA Style APA: In-text CitationsAPA: Book CitationAPA: Book Citation - Try it!APA: Article CitationAPA: Article Citation - Try it!List of Sources: Webpage Citation Part Six: Practise MLA MLA: In-text CitationsMLA: Book CitationMLA: Book Citation - Try it!MLA: Article CitationMLA: Article Citation - Try it! Part Seven: Practise Chicago Chicago: Book CitationChicago: Book Citation - Try it!Chicago: Article CitationChicago: Article Citation - Try it!ReferencesAcknowledgments1IntroductionWelcome to Academic Integrity, a pressbook developed by the KPU Library.Throughout your time at KPU, you will be expected to do your academic work in a way that aligns with the university’s standards of academic integrity. Violations of these standards are taken very seriously and can have wide reaching consequences for you.These modules are designed to help you learn about academic integrity as it is interpreted at KPU and about one of the most common integrity violations in particular: plagiarism.Please read through this book carefully and take time to do all the exercises. Pay attention to details. Go back and review if need be. You are expected to have a good understanding of the contents once you have gone through all the sections. How to move around the book:Use the arrows at the bottom left and right of each page to move forward and backward through the modules. Or, use the Contents menu in the top left hand corner to go to a particular section.2How to Use this BookThe book consists of four separate graded modules: Part 1: Understanding Academic IntegrityPart 2: Understanding PlagiarismPart 3: Avoiding Plagiarism through Referencing SkillsPart 4: Avoiding Plagiarism through Writing SkillsIt also contains sections for you to practise a specific citation style:Part 5: Practise APA StylePart 6: Practise MLA StylePart 7: Practise Chicago Style Each of the four main modules consists of:Short readingsActivitiesShort quizzes that will be gradedThese modules should take roughly 20 minutes each to complete. You will be able to revisit the text and activity portions as many times as you like. If you successfully answer all quizzes and have the required percentage, you will be awarded a digital badge that will be displayed on your profile. Technical requirements: The modules work best in the most recent versions of Chrome or Firefox; Internet Explorer is not supported at this time. If you experience difficulties, check your browser version and update. Any Questions?Please contact librarian Ulrike Kestler: ulrike.kestler@kpu.caIPart One: Academic Integrity Learning ObjectivesAfter finishing this part of the tutorial, you should be able to:Name and describe the six values of Academic IntegrityExplain the personal benefits of adhering to Academic Integrity principlesName your responsibilities as per KPU Academic Integrity Policy ST2List the five Academic Integrity violations outlined in the Procedures for Dealing with Academic Integrity ViolationsApply Policy ST2 and the related Procedures document to scenarios involving academic integrity violationsName the consequences of Academic Integrity violations 1Academic Integrity: IntroductionAcademic Integrity: A shared responsibilityAs a student at KPU you are a part of an academic community that is governed by the fundamental principles of academic integrity. It is important for all members of the this community, professors and students alike, to uphold these principles for the advancement of academic scholarship and the continued building of knowledge. Why you should careA degree, diploma or certificate that is achieved without compromising your own integrity and simultaneously upholding KPU’s academic integrity standards, is a true representation of all the hard work and dedication you put into your studies. You can therefore rightfully be proud of your achievement as you maintained your reputation as well as that of KPU.You will also be well prepared for success in your career as you have put the necessary time and effort into your work, gained much knowledge and developed many valuable skills, such as research, critical thinking and writing skills and much more. So what does Academic Integrity mean? Key TakeawayThe International Center for Academic Integrity (2013), defines Academic Integrity as a commitment to uphold six fundamental values in the academic community, even when faced with adversity:honestytrustfairnessrespectresponsibilitycourageThe following pages will define the six academic integrity values in more detail and will give you various real life scenarios to illustrate appropriate and inappropriate actions. The scenarios are adapted from the Integrity Matters app (MusicCentric Technologies, 2018).2Academic Integrity Values: Honesty and TrustHonesty: honest students respect university policies, follow the instructions of their professors and do their work on their own, without any unauthorized help. Dishonest behaviour, such as lying, cheating, fraud, theft, impersonating another person, falsification of data and the like, are morally and ethically not acceptable to a person of integrity.ScenarioYour friend asks you if you want to meet up and do an online quiz together. Somehow you feel uneasy about this. What should you do?Click on the responses to see the answers to each.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=116#h5p-16 Trust: if you are always honest, you will be able to build a relationship of trust both with your peers and with your instructors. Trust is established over time and is based mostly on your actions.ScenarioCharlotte has a difficult time writing her essay. She asks you if she can just have a quick look at yours to see how you went about it. As she is your friend, you want to be helpful, and give it to her before you leave for your job. Charlotte is tired and thinks to herself: “I just want to be done with this. I’m going to change a few things. That should be enough to submit it.” Why do you think Charlotte made this choice?Click on the responses to see the answers to each.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=116#h5p-17 3Academic Integrity Values: Fairness and RespectFairness: a person of integrity is fair. You are fair to your peers when you do your own work, to authors when you acknowledge their work you use by citing it, to the university when you respect and follow academic integrity standards, and to alumni when your behaviour helps to support the value of their degree.ScenarioYou are a new student and are juggling to keep up with your courses while also working a part-time job. You are a bit stressed about your upcoming exam. A student who is a year ahead of you offers you a copy of the exam questions to one of your courses. What action would be acceptable?Click on the responses to see the answers to each.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=134#h5p-18 Respect: you show respect when you adhere to your assignment instructions, when you actively participate in learning and show interest in gaining new knowledge, when you contribute your thoughts to the academic discourse while accepting that others may disagree with you, when you credit others for their ideas, and when you show that you are putting your best efforts forward. ScenarioAt the end of your class your instructor says: “Don’t forget your assignment is due next class. Remember, this is an individual assignment. You are meant to work on this alone!” You think, “Oh no, I already completed half of the assignment with Jason and Harpreet!” What should you do?Click on the responses to see the answers to each.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=134#h5p-19 4Academic Integrity Values: Responsibility and CourageResponsibility: you show responsible behaviour when you lead by example, when you resist negative peer pressure, and when you discourage others from violating academic integrity principles. Being responsible means being accountable to yourself and others and to do your work to the best of your abilities.ScenarioYou have difficulties with your studies, especially in one of your courses. You have been stuck on your essay for a whole week already. You are afraid that you may fail the course if you can’t turn this situation around. What should you do?Click on the responses to see the answers to each.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=138#h5p-20 Courage: to uphold academic integrity standards requires courage to resist temptations for the “easy way out” and to speak up against wrongdoing.ScenarioYou are entering the room to write your final exam. You see a sign that reads “No electronic devices permitted. Please leave them at the front. You may pick them up after you have finished the exam”. As you enter, you see your classmates put their phones in their pockets. What might you do?Click on the responses to see the answers to each.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=138#h5p-21 Hopefully, these scenarios showed you that you always have the opportunity to do the right thing, and that there is help available if you need it. It is up to you to make the appropriate choices.5Academic Integrity Policy & ProceduresKPU’s Student Academic Integrity Policy, Policy ST2, outlines your rights and responsibilities in terms of academic integrity. Please familiarize yourself with this policy by clicking here to open the pdf or click the following tab to read the contents (the relevant sections are highlighted in red in the tab version below): An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=28#h5p-64 Key TakeawaysYour responsibilities as per Policy ST2: Students have a responsibility to meet the highest standards of Academic IntegrityStudents must not commit Integrity Violations What is meant by Integrity Violation? It means “engaging in, attempting to engage in, or assisting others to engage or attempt to engage in conduct that violates the standard of academic integrity”. Violations include:Cheating and/or plagiarismFabricationForgery or falsification of documentsAssisting another student in committing an integrity violationInfringement of copyright A note on copyright: in Canada a work in fixed form is automatically copyrighted, which means owned by the person who created it. It does not matter whether or not the work has a copyright symbol. This means that you can only reproduce works (such as using an image in your paper) that explicitly state that they are free to use or if you have received permission from the owner to use it. Please familiarize yourself with the details of each violation in the Procedures for Dealing with Academic Integrity document. Click here to open the pdf or click the following tab to read the contents (the relevant sections are highlighted in red in the tab version below): An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=28#h5p-65 Test Your UnderstandingNow complete the following quiz to check your understanding. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=28#h5p-57 Have a look at the following scenarios and check the correct answer(s) to each. There may be more than one correct answer. You may need to scroll down to see the whole page. Please go through all 7 slides. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=28#h5p-56 6Academic Integrity Violations: ConsequencesIntegrity Violations have consequences Key TakeawaysViolations of academic integrity are taken very seriously and carry with them severe consequences. If reported, you may:Get a grade of 0 on your assignmentGet a failing grade in the courseBe suspended from the UniversityImportant: you may face disciplinary action for any academic integrity violation, regardless whether you committed it intentionally or unintentionally. An integrity violation will be noted on your academic record. This may negatively impact your chances to apply for graduate studies and to obtain references needed for any university related applications (such as for research grants). It may also impact your future employment. So what is the best way to avoid committing a violation?Be honest in all areasDo your own workSubmit original workOnly work with others if your instructor permitted itIf permitted to work in groups, acknowledge contributions of othersAcknowledge all your sources of information by citing them properlyLearn to quote, paraphrase and summarize properlyAdhere to copyrightGet help if you need it, but only from approved sourcesDo not help another person commit a violation7Part One Recap and QuizLet’s recap what you have learned in part 1.Part 1: Key Takeawaysas a student you are a part of the scholarly communityall members of this community must uphold the six principles of academic integrity: honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility, and courageany act of falsification, misrepresentation or deception:is dishonest and compromises the worth of other’s workundermines the trust between students and professorsis unfair to students who pursue their studies honestlydisrespects professors and the institution as a wholeis irresponsible to yourself, because it prevents you from meaningfully reaching your own scholarly potentialit is your responsibility to uphold academic integrity standardsintegrity violations can have severe academic consequencesCongratulations, you have finished Module One. Please go to the Academic Integrity Moodle course and do Quiz One now. IIPart Two: Understanding Plagiarism Learning ObjectivesThis part of the tutorial will help you to be able to:Explain what plagiarism meansDescribe misrepresentation due to contract cheating, collusion, copying & pasting, and recyclingRecognize instances of plagiarismName various consequences of plagiarizing 8Plagiarism DefinedPlagiarism is one of the most frequent academic integrity violations. It ranges in severity from blatant plagiarism, where a student simply submits a whole work that is not their own, for example a paper they purchased online, to inadvertent plagiarism, where a student tried to do honest work, but still accidentally plagiarized. What does the word plagiarism mean?Have a look at the following video to get a better understanding of what plagiarism means, and how to avoid it with four simple strategies: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=20#h5p-72 Credits: Ulrike Kestler (script), Dave Bhatti (voice recording), Harvinder Singh (video editing) Key TakeawayThere are many definitions of the word plagiarism, but all have one thing in common: the misrepresentation of something as your own. 9Misrepresentation: Contract CheatingThere are various levels of misrepresentation, ranging from intentional to accidental. The following pages show the most common ones.Contract Cheating The most severe form of misrepresentation of something as your own is called Contract Cheating, which happens every time a person completes an assignment for a student, and the student then submits it as their own. It will have the most severe consequences. Contract cheating includes:submitting a paper from a so-called “tutoring” service or “essay mill” as your own, for which you paidsubmitting a paper that someone else wrote for you (for example, a friend or a family member) as your own, no matter if you paid for it or notswapping papers with another student, and submitting each other’s papers as your own, even if you made some changesproducing a work for a fellow student (with or without being paid), and they submit it as their own. In this case, you are deliberately aiding another student to behave fraudulently, and both of you will be subject to disciplinary actionsImage Source: (Steel, 2019); reproduced with permission. 10Misrepresentation: CollusionCollusionYou collude when you submit shared work as individual work. Collusion includes:working on individual assignments with a classmatediscussing online quizzes and exams with otherssharing computer code that is intended to be individually writtenreceiving unauthorized help from a tutor or other person to complete assignmentsin group projects, misrepresenting the individual contributions of the group membersContract Cheating and collusion both defeat the purpose of the assignment.An assignment helps instructors evaluate your understanding, so if you don’t do your own work, your instructor cannot give a fair evaluation nor an accurate grade. By not doing the work yourself, you are also putting yourself in an unfair advantage over your fellow students who put in the effort and did their own work. Lastly, it makes your own education less effective as you will not improve your skills, and it devalues your credentials. Collaboration versus Collusion – what is the difference? Source: (javi_indy, n.d.). Collusion = working together with others although explicitly being told to work individually. This is not acceptable and an academic integrity violation.Collaboration = working together on an assignment as a group as explicitly permitted or required by your instructor. This is acceptable.Important: In group work, you must clearly indicate what is the group’s work and what are your own individual contributions.11Misrepresentation: Copying and PastingCopying and PastingIt is ok to use other information to support your arguments as long as you quote, paraphrase or summarize properly and cite your sources. However, copying and pasting whole chunks of information is poor scholarship and does not reflect any learning or understanding on your part. This will get you a very poor grade, even if you cite your sources. If you do not cite at all, this is also plagiarism.Plagiarism due to copying and pasting includes:The Clone: directly copying and pasting everything (from one or from multiple sources) without citing The Mosaic: directly copying and pasting passages (from one or from multiple sources) without citing and adding some original thought Copy, Paste, Replace: copying and pasting everything or passages (from one or from multiple sources) without citing, then replacing a few words to make it sound different; maybe adding some original thought tooPlagiarism due to copying and pasting also includes:Reusing a specific structure that someone else created without acknowledgement. For example, using a template, outline, form, the exact same headings, same number of sentences, and covering exactly the same concepts of a sample report given to you by your instructor (unless explicitly permitted by your instructor). Sample template you found Your templateSource: (200degrees, 2016). 12Misrepresentation: Recycling“Recycling”You are expected to submit your own work and this work must be new and original. Recycling is a form of plagiarism called self-plagiarism. It refers to:Submitting your own previous work, entirely or partially, in another course as new and original Source: (brgfx, n.d.) Test your understanding: What are you allowed to do?Scenario 1You wrote a great paper for your sociology class, and it happens that the same topic is on the list of choices in your criminology class. Can you change the title page to the new course and submit your paper in the criminology class?An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=833#h5p-5 Scenario 2You wrote a great paper for your philosophy class, and you want to use some of your analyses and conclusions in another paper that deals with a similar topic in one of your psychology classes. Can you reuse a portion of your own work in a new paper? An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=833#h5p-6 Scenario 3You failed your English class and have to repeat it. You don’t want to fail again, so you take your paper you wrote previously and use your instructor’s corrections and feedback to improve the essay. You then submit it in your current English course. Is this acceptable?An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=833#h5p-60 Scenario 4You had a team project in last year’s marketing class, and your team received an A on your case report. This year, you are taking a business class, and you get the option to select your own topic for your report. As you are really interested in the topic you did last year, you take your previous case report as a basis, add new portions with some new research you did, and then submit it in your current class. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=833#h5p-58 13Misrepresentation: Improper Writing & CitingQuoting and ParaphrasingQuoting and paraphrasing improperly often leads to accidental plagiarism. This will be discussed in detail in Module 4. 14Plagiarism and Intellectual OutputWhy is plagiarism such a big issue? Plagiarism is an academic integrity violation, because it is considered ethically wrong to take credit for someone else’s intellectual output. This applies even if the original author agrees that you can use their output or if you paid to use it. And as you saw, it also applies to reusing your own work without citing it.Key TakeawayYou are committing an act of plagiarism anytime youpretend something is your own output, and that it is new and original, when it is not What is included in intellectual output?Almost everything! Written and spoken words, music and videos, movies, performances, artwork, photographs, graphs, tables, figures, diagrams, data, computer code, and any other intellectual or creative product. It also extends to IDEAS, for example a specific method or model, the plot of a story, the outline of an experiment, and in your academic writing even the structure of a template or of paragraphs you borrow! To avoid accidental plagiarism, you therefore ALWAYS need to give credit to the person whose work or idea you are using, and you do so by ACCURATELY quoting, PROPERLY paraphrasing and CORRECTLY citing your sources of information. 15Plagiarism or not?Test Your UnderstandingNow that you have a basic understanding of what plagiarism means, let’s see if you can figure out which of the following scenarios are examples of plagiarism. When going through these scenarios, think about whether you are, intentionally or unintentionally, leading the audience to believe that an intellectual output is original and your own. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=22#h5p-2 16How is Plagiarism Detected?How do instructors know if a student plagiarized?Instructors know because:they are subject specialists and familiar with literature in their fieldinstructors will recognize ideas that have been discussed before and vocabulary, terms or jargon specific to their area of expertise, so if you don’t cite these, they will knowif your assignment greatly exceeds the subject knowledge of other students in your class, your instructors will noticethey can spot differences in writing stylesyou have your own distinct way of writing, and it will be easy for an instructor to identify what was written by someone elsethey will notice if your writing differs significantly from one assignment to anotherit takes time to develop your skills, so if you suddenly write like a pro, your instructor will noticethey can judge if your writing exceeds your level of studywriting well takes a lot of practice, so if you submit writing as eloquent as your instructors, this will raise a red flagthey spot-check your sourcesfor proper quoting, proper paraphrasing or for accuracy of the citationthey can google too! if you copied something from the Internet, it will be easy for them to find itthey may check online “tutoring” services for uploaded materialsthey may use a plagiarism detection service 17A Few Famous Plagiarism CasesTake a look at a few real life cases to get an idea what can happen if you plagiarize, both inside and outside of the university environment. As you will see, plagiarizing can have academic, professional and even legal consequences (because of copyright infringement).Click on each name to find out what happened. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=30#h5p-3 18Part Two Recap and QuizLet’ recap what you have learned in part 2.Part 2: Key TakeawaysPlagiarism:Violates the principle of academic integrity and its six values of honesty, trust, fairness, respect, responsibility and courageCan be intentional or unintentionalIs misrepresenting other people’s intellectual output as your own, even if you use it with permission or have paid for itexamples of misrepresentation include contract cheating, collusion, improper copying of words and structures, recycling your own work, and improper quoting and paraphrasingIs ethically wrong, because it disregards someone’s previous intellectual outputIntellectual output applies to all works or ideas of others, whether you read them, saw them, or heard themCan have severe academic, personal, professional and even legal consequencesCongratulations, you have finished Module Two. Please go to the Academic Integrity Moodle course and do Quiz Two now. IIIPart Three: Citation SkillsLearning ObjectivesGood citation skills are one of the best ways to ensure that you don’t accidentally plagiarize.After finishing this part of the tutorial, you will be able to:explain why citations are importantdescribe what information needs to be citeddescribe the proper placement of citationsdescribe common examples of plagiarism19Why we citeAlthough in some cultures it is a sign of respect to use the words or ideas of others without giving credit to that person, this is not acceptable in Canadian higher education.Academics engage in conversations to advance their knowledge and understanding of a subject. This happens mostly in written form through the publication of scholarly materials. In these academic conversations, it is necessary and expected that all prior thought is acknowledged and that all contributors to the conversation are credited. As a student, you too are a contributor to these conversations, and you therefore must credit all the sources from which you drew information.Crediting your sources is done through a process called citation. A citation is a reference to a source of information. It gives specific key information about the source, so the reader can find it.Why do we cite?The main reasons why we cite are:to situate your work in the current literatureto distinguish prior contributions from new original thoughtto be able to check that thoughts and ideas are passed on accuratelyto enable a reader to locate and read the source(s) you usedto give credit to the person whose ideas you usedto respect the intellectual output of othersto show that you have investigated your topic wellto add credibility and support to your argumentto uphold academic integrity standards20What You Need to CiteSo, what exactly do you need to cite in your paper?As a rule of thumb, you need to cite what is not your own intellectual output. You don’t need to cite thoughts, ideas, data or creations that are your own and that are new and original (but remember to cite your own previous work if you got permission to reuse it, as described in the Chapter “Recycling”). Source: (Miles, 2011; Imagerymajestic, 2012) Be sure to cite all information you take from others, no matter what it is or where you got it from, whether it is from a printed source or from the Internet, whether it is something you saw on TV or heard on the radio, whether you got it from a tweet, a blog, a facebook posting, PowerPoint slides or even a personal discussion.21Common KnowledgeThere is only one exception to the rule about citing information from others, and that is common knowledge.What is common knowledge?Key TakeawaysGeneralcommon knowledge is information:That can be verified easily and consistently in several different sourcesThat many people are believed to knowExamples: capital cities, important historical dates and persons, basic mathematics, common sense observations This information does not need to be cited Besides general common knowledge, there is also information that is so well-known within a field of study that it is considered common knowledge WITHIN this particular field. However, as this information would not be common knowledge OUTSIDE of this field, it is better that you cite it in order to avoid the possibility of plagiarizing.Key TakeawaysDiscipline specific common knowledge is:Information that is well known only within a specific field of studyIt is NOT considered common knowledge outside of the specific disciplineTo determine what is common knowledge can be tricky, so when in doubt, cite! Test your understanding Have a look at the following statements and decide whether they would need to be cited or not.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=42#h5p-4 It is always better to cite if you are unsure if something is common knowledge.22Citation StylesCitation StylesYou need to use a particular citation style that you must apply consistently throughout your paper. Sometimes, your instructor will tell you which style to use, other times you get to choose.The three main citation styles used at KPU are:APA, MLA, and CHICAGO STYLE APA is mostly used in the Sciences and Social SciencesMLA is used in many of the HumanitiesChicago style is the preferred style for History and MusicEach style has its own rules about how to cite specific sources. The library has the official manuals for each style as well as short handouts in print and online. You can find more information here. 23Where to citeWhere do I need to cite? Where to citeGenerally, you need to cite in TWO places: In your writing where you QuoteParaphraseSummarizeUse or refer to specific audiovisual representations (data, images, tables, figures, video clips, podcasts, performances, etc.) In a list of sources at the end of your paper, called References(APA)Works Cited(MLA)Bibliography(Chicago) If you list a source only in the list of sources, it is a form of plagiarism. 24Placing Your CitationsWhere do I place citations in my writing? Placing the citationsIt is very important that you clearly distinguish your own ideas from those of others by putting your citations in the appropriate places. The two most common ways to put your citation are:right after the borrowed informationAPA uses in-text citations and the author/date information in parentheses: Example: There is also the argument that ….. (Mitchell, 1996) MLA uses in-text citations and the author/page information in parentheses: Example: There is also the argument that …… (Mitchell 225) Chicago uses footnotes indicated by a superscript number like this1. The footnote contains the full citation information. Example: There is also the argument that …….1 using the author information in an introductory phraseAPA Example: Mitchell (1996)argues…MLA Example: Mitchell states ……..(225).Chicago Example: Mitchell suggests ……..1 Can you show me an example? Have a look at the following paragraphs in the three different citation styles. The student’s own ideas are shown in purple, the borrowed ideas are in green, and the citations are in red. The first two citations follow the borrowed idea, while the third citation uses the author information in an introductory phrase. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=61#h5p-69 25Corresponding ReferencesYour citations in your essay generally must contain a corresponding reference in your reference list, works cited list or bibliography. They are organized in alphabetical order.The example below shows how the three citations the student used within the body of the text would appear in the corresponding list of sources for the three different citation styles. The first entry is for a book, the second for an online article and the third for a book chapter. 1. APA Style: In-text citations (author/date) and corresponding Reference List entry 2. MLA Style: In-text citations (author/page) and corresponding Work Cited list entry 3. Chicago Style: Footnotes (superscript number with full citation information in the footnote) and corresponding Bibliography entry Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)26Common Examples of PlagiarismLet’s have a look at a few common examples of plagiarism, using the same essay excerpt as on the previous page. The student’s ideas are in purple, borrowed ideas are in green.Example 1: Can you spot what is wrong?An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=72#h5p-73 Example 2: Can you spot what is wrong?An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=72#h5p-74 Example 3: Can you spot what is wrong?An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=72#h5p-75 Source: (Li, 2010, p. 11)27Part Three Recap and QuizLet’s recap what you have learned in part 3:Part 3: Key TakeawaysCite anything that you borrow other than common knowledgeUse a citation style consistently and follow its rules preciselyClearly distinguish between your ideas and those from others by putting citations in the appropriate placesExamples of plagiarism include: Not citing your sources at allOnly citing some of your sourcesPutting citation information only in the list of sources***Putting citation information only in your writeup, but not in the list of sources***Putting a citation in the wrong spot ***there are some exceptions, but this is the general ruleCongratulations, you have finished Module Three. Please go to the Academic Integrity Moodle course and do Quiz Three now. IVPart Four: Writing SkillsLearning ObjectivesIn this part of the tutorial you will learnhow to avoid plagiarizing through proper quoting, paraphrasing and summarizingto distinguish paraphrasing from patch writinghow to take noteswhere to get helpWhat do you know already? Let’s see if you can figure out which ones of the scenarios below are instances of plagiarism involving quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=76#h5p-12 28QuotingQuoting means taking a part of a source word for word as it is.How many quotes can I use?The frequency of quotations varies in different genres of writing. For example, in an English literature paper, direct quotations from a novel or play are often used as the basis for a discussion, while in a business proposal, direct quotes are rare, or not accepted at all.Generally, it is not recommended to use too many quotes, because extensive quoting gives the impression that you don’t understand your source enough to put it in your own words and that you cannot contribute any of your own thoughts. If you aren’t sure whether you should use direct quotations in a specific course or paper, ask your instructor.Key Takeaways Use quotes:To support your idea or to advance your argumentTo present something you are analyzing, interpreting or commenting on so the reader will understand better to what you are referring (such as a literary passage)If the original language is especially moving, descriptive, historically significantFor unique terms or a passage that cannot be paraphrased or summarized adequately without losing or changing its meaningSource: (The Writing Center, n.d.) How to quote properly Quotes can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. However, it is a good practice to introduce quotes with some sort of statement that signals to the reader that information is coming that is not your own, such as in the two examples shown. Examples in APA StyleShort Quotes always require that you enclose them in quotation marks, so the reader knows that these are the EXACT words you took from your source. Not putting quotation marks around a short quote is considered a form of plagiarism.Example: One researcher indicates that“the most difficult thing for them was the attitude of their parents” (Crook, 2003, p. 157),while others believe… Long Quotes are put in a block indented from the remaining text and have no quotation marks.Example:A family’s assessment has a powerful influence on how capable teenagers believe they are. In her study,Crook (2003)found: Their expectations became self-fulfilling prophecies; because their families thought they couldn’t do anything, they didn’t think they could either. After all, if the people who knew them best and presumably loved them most thought they were losers, then the family was probably right. (p. 37) Can I make changes to a quote? You may drop words from a quotation, but you must indicate that you did so by inserting three spaced dots called an ellipsis. If you change a quote, for example to make it fit your sentence structure, you must use brackets to do so.In the example below we omitted a part of the quote, and we indicate this by adding three dots. We also added the word “and” which is put in brackets, because it is not part of the original.In her study, Crook (2003) found that if teenagers felt that“their families thought they couldn’t do anything, they didn’t think they could either . . . [and] the family was probably right” (p. 37). Test your understandingHave a look at the original text below on the left, and then the quotes on the right. All three quotes are examples of plagiarism in various degrees. See if you can spot the error before you click the quote to see the answer and the explanation of the quote as it should be. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=78#h5p-13 Source: (Foot & Stoffman, 1996, p. 20) 29ParaphrasingParaphrasing means to rewrite someone else’s idea in your own words without changing the original meaning while changing the structure of the original. A paraphrase is about the same length as the original. Key TakeawaysParaphrase to:avoid having too many quotes in your essaypresent, compare or contrast the contributions of others in your own writing styleshow that you understood the information you are using as you are not simply copying it, but rewording and restructuring itSource: (Stern, 2007). 30Paraphrasing vs PatchwritingParaphrasingParaphrasing means to rewrite someone else’s idea in your own words without changing the original meaning while changing the structure of the original. A paraphrase is about the same length as the original. PatchwritingIn patchwriting a writer attempts to paraphrase, but ultimately imitates the sentence structure or vocabulary of the source (Howard, 1993, p. 233). Patchwriting is a common mistake, but it is NOT an accepted form of writing in academia and is considered a form of plagiarism, even if you cite your source. Difference between paraphrasing and patchwriting Paraphrasing vs patchwriting: ExampleHave a look at the original text on the left and compare it to the two restatements on the right. As you can see, in the first example the writer uses several exact phrases of the original (shown in red) and several synonyms or phrases that are very close to the original (shown in green). In addition, much of the structure of the paragraph is the same. This is an example of patchwriting, and despite a proper citation being included, an instance of plagiarism. In the second example, the writer uses their own voice to express the idea of the original text. Besides a few individual words that would be difficult to replace, such as “baby boom” and “Canadians”, the original has been entirely rewritten and the structure has been changed significantly. This is an example of proper paraphrasing. Source: (Foot & Stoffman, 1996, p. 20)Test your understandingLook at the rewrite below. What do you think? Is the restatement a proper paraphrase of the original text?An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=85#h5p-14 Source: (Pattison, 2002, p. 21).31How to ParaphraseChristina PageWrite a paraphrase using the five-step methodHave a look at the following video that outlines the steps to effective paraphrasing. Video by Christina Page from the KPU Learning Centre.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=1036#h5p-70 Source: (Denchuk, n.d.). Adapted with permission. Let’s have a look at an exampleStep 1: Read the original text in its context.You cannot just grab pieces of information out of context, because this can lead to misunderstanding the information. Read your source in its context and ask questions like:What is the focus?How does this information relate to my research topic?What is the main thing that the authors found?Once you have answered these questions, you will be prepared to identify the specific pieces of information that are relevant to your paper, and that you may want to paraphrase. The original text in its context: This study quantitatively and qualitatively evaluates the extent to which incorporating an artistic class assignment into a traditional lecture course stimulates student enjoyment and enhances the students’ perceived retention of course material. The results indicate that the project provides great benefit to college students by incorporating a variety of teaching methods and learning strategies. Artistic and creative assignments, such as the one described in this article, allow for student engagement, repetition of material, and processing and application of ideas. (Wellman, 2012)After reading the source in its context, you decide to paraphrase the yellow part. Underline key words and check words and concepts in a monolingual dictionary: engagement = being involved with someone or something in order to understand itprocessing = dealing with something through a series of steps Step 2: Break up the original part you want to paraphrase into chunks of meaning and number these chunks.(1) The results indicate that (2) the project provides great benefit to college students (3) by incorporating a variety of teaching methods and (4) learning strategies. (5) Artistic and creative assignments, (6) such as the one described in this article, (7) allow for student engagement, (8) repetition of material, and (9) processing and (10) application of ideas. Step 3: Without looking at the original text, write a first draft of the paraphrase. First draft: By allowing students to complete creative activities as a part of a post-secondary course, students were more deeply involved with the course material, thinking about it and remembering it more effectively. Step 4: Check the paraphrase with the checklist below. Did I…Change the sentence structure?Change the order of the words?Use synonyms for words that are not key words?Use different types of connecting words?Change the order of the ideas (where possible)?Revise the paraphrase.OriginalParaphrase – first draftParaphrase – final version(1) The results indicate that (2) the project provides great benefit to college students (3) by incorporating a variety of teaching methods and (4) learning strategies. (5) Artistic and creative assignments, (6) such as the one described in this article, (7) allow for student engagement, (8) repetition of material, and (9) processing and (10) application of ideas.By allowing students to complete creative activities as a part of a post-secondary course, students were more deeply involved with the course material, thinking about it and remembering it more effectively.When students are encouraged to complete creative activities as a part of a post-secondary course, they are more deeply involved with course material, thinking about it and remembering it more effectively. Step 5: Integrate your final paraphrase in your writeup and include a citation.32SummarizingSimilar to a paraphrase, a summary is also a restatement of a text or passage in your own words. However, the summary only restates the main points of a text, and is therefore much shorter than the original. You can summarize a passage or even a whole article or book in just a few sentences. Key TakeawaysSummarizeto avoid too many quotesto present the ideas of others without interrupting your own writing stylewhen you do not need to go into as much detail Quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing: comparing all three Here you can see all three ways of referring to a source in one place for comparison in APA style format. All three must include a citation. If you don’t include citations, you are committing an act of plagiarism.Original Text Why did the baby boom happen? A likely explanation is that during those 20 years, Canadians knew they could afford large families. The postwar economy was robust, the future seemed full of promise, and young couples wanted to share that bright future with a big family. A second reason was the high immigration levels that prevailed during the 1950s.Quote: EXACT words, quotation marksAccording to Foot and Stoffman (1996), one reason for the baby boom was “the high immigration levels that prevailed during the 1950s” (p. 20). Paraphrase: YOUR OWN words AND new structure, DETAILED, about the same lengthFoot and Stoffman (1996)theorize that there were two main reasons behind the baby boom, namely immigration that remained consistently high and a healthy economy that made young Canadians feel optimistic and gave them the confidence that they would have the means to support the large family they desired. Summary: YOUR OWN words, MAIN POINTS only, shortAccording to Foot and Stoffman (1996) the baby boom was due to high immigration levels and healthy economic conditions. 33Note Taking SkillsUlrike Kestler and Christina PageCareless note-taking is one of the major factors in unintentional plagiarism. It is very easy to cut and paste information, and lose track of the sources you used or mix what you borrowed with your own notes. As you read your sources of information, it is important to find a system for writing down the key points that you will use in your paper. Key TakeawaysWhen taking notes:Keep track of all the sources you usedDistinguish between what you took from the sources and what are your own thoughts Three methods of taking notes Collect information word for wordCollect and paraphrase right awayUse a digital notebook 1. Collect information word for wordwrite down the citation informationcopy the exact text and put it in quotation marksadd your own thoughts in a different colourWhen you want to use your researched information to support your point of view, you then decide whether you want to use a direct quote, a paraphrase or a summary of the original. Having the originals in front of you will allow you to double-check that you are quoting accurately and that you are paraphrasing properly.Example: CitationExact text My thoughtsFoot, D. K., & Stoffman, D. (1996). Boom, bust & echo: How to profit from the coming demographic shift. Macfarlane.“Why did the baby boom happen? A likely explanation is that during those 20 years, Canadians knew they could afford large families. The postwar economy was robust, the future seemed full of promise, and young couples wanted to share that bright future with a big family. A second reason was the high immigration levels that prevailed during the 1950s” (Foot & Stoffman, 1996, p. 20).agree with healthy economy and high immigration being factors, but how about people being less material? Check Easterlin’s “relative income” theory! 2. Collect information and paraphrase right away write down the citation informationparaphrase your own thoughts in a different colourCitationParaphrase My thoughtsFoot, D. K., & Stoffman, D. (1996). Boom, bust & echo: How to profit from the coming demographic shift. Macfarlane.Foot and Stoffman (1996) theorize that there were two main factors behind the baby boom, namely immigration that remained consistently high and a thriving economy that made young Canadians feel optimistic and gave them the confidence that they would have the means to support the large family they desired.agree with healthy economy and high immigration being factors, but how about people being less material? Check Easterlin’s “relative income” theory!Source: Adapted from McMaster University (2009). Three column note taking. http://www.mcmaster.ca/academicintegrity/students/typeofad/plagiarism/3ColmNote.html 3. Use a digital notebookIf you like to read digital files, you may want to take notes with OneNote (free for KPU students with Office 365).paste the file you are reading into the notebookmake notes of key information, paraphrases, and analysis alongside the digital file How to use the OneNote Digital Notebook by Christina Page:An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=90#h5p-71 34Getting Help: Learning Centre TutorsWe know that research and writing can be a daunting process, and we are here to help you.As a KPU student, you have access to free, professionally-trained peer tutors at the KPU Learning Centres. These tutors will support you in reaching your academic potential while following all KPU policies.Access the LEARNING CENTRE for help with:Writing skillsStructuring your essayParaphrasing and summarizingGrammar and punctuationUseful links: In-person or online tutoringSubmitting your paper online to WriteUp or WriteAway for feedback Learning Centre ResourcesVideo by Dave Bhatti (script) and Harvinder Singh (video editing) from the KPU Learning Centre:An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=96#h5p-67 35Getting Help: Other TutorsChristina PageAre there other tutors I can use?Yes, you certainly can, as long as tutoring is done in an ethical way and following KPU’s Academic Integrity principles outlined in Policy ST2. Unfortunately, some companies that advertise tutoring services encourage practices that are considered plagiarism or cheating. There also have been reports that some of these companies blackmailstudents who use their services. So please be a discerning user of tutoring services. How do you know that you have found the right kind of tutor?Essentially, a good tutor is a guide who will support you in doing your work on your own and thus help you learn and improve your skills.A good tutor will: A good tutor will NOT: Help you understand the assignmentFind resources for your assignmentAsk questions to help you clarify ideas for your assignmentProvide ideas for your assignmentModel effective ways of organizing ideasWrite or rewrite a section of your assignment for youHelp you to identify patterns of error in your thinking or writingProofread or edit your work for youHelp you learn the steps of solving a problem or answering a question Do a homework question for you or work directly with you on a question you will submit for marks Help you locate resources to support your learning Provide copies of exams or other materials that your instructor does not allow you to use 36Getting Help: The LibraryAccess the LIBRARY for help with:ResearchCitationsUseful links: Research and Reference Help (including AskAway)Research Help GuideAcademic Integrity GuideCitation Style Guides Library ResourcesVideo by Kelsey Chaban from the KPU Library:An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=922#h5p-68 37Part Four Recap and QuizLet’s recap what you have learned in part 4.Part 4: Key TakeawaysQuotes are exact words of othersare put in quotation marks (or block format if longer)Paraphrasesare restatements in your own words and using a new structure while making sure you keep the meaning of the originalare approximately the same length as the originalSummariesreflect the main points of a sourceare much shorter than the originalPlagiarism instances include:Quotes that have no quotation marks around themParaphrases or summaries too close to the original, even if properly citedQuotes, paraphrases or summaries that are not cited or insufficiently citedNote-takingCareless note-taking is one of the major reasons for unintentional plagiarismAlways write down the citation information when taking notesTutoringProper tutors support you and help you learn and improve your skills, but will not do the work for youCongratulations, you have finished Module Four. Please go to the Academic Integrity Moodle course and do Quiz Four now. 38Congratulations!Congratulations! You have finished all four modules of the Academic Integrity pressbook.You will now be able to ethically and successfully contribute to the scholarly conversation at KPU and beyond. If you do so, you will also be well prepared for success in your career as you have learned to put the necessary time and effort into your work, gained much knowledge and have developed good research, critical thinking and writing skills.A degree, diploma or certificate earned that way is a true representation of all the hard work and dedication you put into your studies, and you can therefore rightfully be proud of your achievement.Source: (ShariJo, 2019)VPart Five: Practise APA StyleIn this part you will learn about and can practise the following using APA style:In-text citationsfor any sourceReference list citationsfor books in printfor articles from a KPU databasefor webpages39APA: In-text CitationsAPA style asks that you include the following elements for all in-text citations:the author’s last name(s)the yearand if you are quoting word for word, also the page number or other locatorThis applies to all types of sources you use in APA citation, whether it is a book, an article, a website or any other item. How would this look?You can either start your sentence by mentioning the author, followed by the year in parentheses or put the elements in parentheses after the information you borrowed.Example:Smail(2008) suggested that the speed of human cultural evolution is linked to the turnover rate of cultural entities.The speed of human cultural evolution is linked to the turnover rate of cultural entities (Smail, 2008). For quotes, you must also include a page number or other locator, and it would look like this:According to Smail(2008), Darwinian evolution “follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover” (p. 99). One opinion is that Darwinian evolution “follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover” (Smail, 2008, p. 99). What is meant by “other locator”?Some sources don’t have page numbers, in which case you should try to include some other pinpoint, so your reader can find the quote more easily. This could be a section heading, a chapter number, paragraph, and so on. Check out our In-text Citations tab on the APA Citation guide for examples. What if there is no author? What if there are multiple authors? What if there is no date? Whatever the situation, you still need to cite your source. Check out the APA Citation guide for answers to these and other questions, and if you need help, please ask a librarian. 40APA: Book CitationFor reference list entries, you will always need to give the full citation information. The basic elements for books in print consist of:AuthorTitle and (if available) subtitlePublishing informationYearYou usually find this information on the title page of the book and the back of the title page.Example: Note that in our example the subtitle on the book cover says “Teens talk about suicide” while the subtitle on the title page is ”Teens and suicide”. Always go by the information on the title page. Each style has its own rules about arranging this information, about capitalization, punctuation, abbreviations and so on. For APA Style, use the following template: APA Basic Book TemplateAuthor last name, Initials. (Year).Title: Subtitle.Publisher. Reference List Entry for the Book Crook, M. (2003).Out of the darkness: Teens and suicide.Arsenal Pulp Press. To see an example of an in-text quote from this book, click below:An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=52#h5p-8 Note: these are the basic elements for a reference entry for a book, but sometimes there will be additional information you need to add, such as editors or edition information, or some elements, such as an author, may not be available. Check out the APA Citation guide for examples, and if you need help, please ask a librarian.41APA: Book Citation - Try it!See if you can identify the elements of a book citation. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=299#h5p-22 Now see if you can identify how these elements should be written in a reference list citation. Check the KPU APA online citation guide if you need help. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=299#h5p-23 Now see if you can put the elements for an in-text citation for this book in the correct spots. Note that there are two authors in this example, and that there is a slight difference and how the names are combined, depending on whether they are mentioned in the sentence or in parentheses at the end. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=299#h5p-24 42APA: Article CitationRemember, for reference list entries, you will always need to give the full citation information. The basic elements for a reference list entry for an article from a KPU database consist of:AuthorTitle and (if available) subtitle of the articlePublishing information: Title of the journal, volume and (if available) issue number, page numbers, Database name, https://doi.org/xxxxx (if available)DateYou usually find this information in the article details provided by the database or somewhere on the first page of the article.Example:Citation elements: What does DOI mean?The DOI (digital object identifier) will lead the reader to a stable webpage. It is a system that was developed so the reader would not encounter a broken link. APA Basic Article TemplateAuthor last name, Initials. (Date).Title: Subtitle of the article.Title of the Journal, volume #(issue # if available), page #-page #. https://doi.org/xxxxx (if available) Reference List Entry for this Article Raskind, I. G., Haardörfer, R. & Berg, C. J. (2019).Food insecurity, psychosocial health and academic performance among college and university students in Georgia, USA.Public Health Nutrition, 22(3), 476-485. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003439 Remember, in an in-text citation, you only need the author and date information (plus a locator for direct quotes). To see an example for a paraphrase from this article, click below. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=56#h5p-61 43APA: Article Citation - Try it!See if you can identify the elements of an article citation and how they should be written in a reference list citation. Check the KPU APA online citation guide if you need help.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=352#h5p-28 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=352#h5p-30 44List of Sources: Webpage CitationNot everything found online is a webpageThere are many different kinds of online sources. Some can have print equivalents, such as ebooks, online articles, and online encyclopedias; other items exist only electronically, such as blogs or websites and their individual webpagesThe basic elements for webpages consist of:AuthorTitle of the webpagePublishing information: title of the whole website and/or sponsor of the site Date Each style has its own rules for citing webpagesYou may also come across situations where you cannot find an author or a date, or some other required information. No matter what the situation, remember that you still need to cite the source.Please consult the online library citation style guides for examples of how to cite webpages and a variety of other online resources, including such materials as ebooks, images, streaming videos, blogs, social media, emails, as well as sources that have no author, no date, and much more.VIPart Six: Practise MLAIn this part you will learn about and can practise the following using MLA style:In-text citationsfor any sourceWorks cited list entriesfor books in printfor articles from a KPU databasefor webpages45MLA: In-text CitationsMLA style asks that you include the following elements for in-text citations:the author’s last name(s)the page number (if available)This applies to all types of sources you use in MLA citation, whether it is a book, an article, a website or any other item. How would this look?You can either start your sentence by mentioning the author, followed by the year in parentheses or put the elements in parentheses after the information you borrowed.Example: According to Smail, Darwinian evolution “follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover” (99).One opinion is that Darwinian evolution “follows a rhythm dictated by the rapidity of generational turnover” (Smail 99). What if there is no author? What if there are multiple authors? What if there is no page number? Whatever the situation, you still need to cite your source. Check out the MLA Citation guide for answers to these and other questions, and if you need help, please ask a librarian.46MLA: Book CitationFor the works cited list entry, you will always need to give the full citation information. The basic elements for books in print consist of:AuthorTitle and (if available) subtitlePublishing informationYearYou usually find this information on the title page of the book and the back of the title page.Example: Note that in our example the subtitle on the book cover says “Teens talk about suicide” while the subtitle on the title page is ”Teens and suicide”. Always go by the information on the title page. Each style has its own rules about arranging this information, about capitalization, punctuation, abbreviations and so on. For MLA Style, use the following template: MLA Basic Book TemplateAuthor last name(s), Full Given Names. Title: Subtitle.Publisher, Year.Works Cited List Entry for the Book Crook, Marion. Out of the Darkness: Teens and Suicide. Arsenal Pulp P, 2003. To see an example for a quote from this book, click belowAn interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=509#h5p-11 Note: these are the basic elements, but sometimes there will be additional information you need to add, such as editors or edition information; or some elements, such as an author, may not be available. 47MLA: Book Citation - Try it!See if you can identify the elements of a book citation and how they should be written in a works cited list citation. Check the KPU MLA online citation guide if you need help.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=303#h5p-25 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=303#h5p-26 48MLA: Article CitationRemember, for works cited list entries, you will always need to give the full citation information. The basic elements for articles from a KPU database consist of:AuthorTitle and (if available) subtitle of the articlePublishing information: Title of the journal, volume and (if available) issue number, page numbers, Database name, https://doi.org/xxxxx (if available)DateYou usually find this information in the article details provided by the database or somewhere on the first page of the article.Example:Citation elements: What does DOI mean?The DOI (digital object identifier) will lead the reader to a stable webpage. It is a system that was developed so the reader would not encounter a broken link. MLA Basic Article TemplateAuthor last name(s), Full Given Names.“Title: Subtitle of the Article.”Title of the Journal, vol. #(no. # if available), Date, page #-page #. Database name, https://doi.org/xxxxx (if available) Works Cited List Entry for this ArticleRaskind, Ilana G., et al.“Food Insecurity, Psychosocial Health and Academic Performance among College and University Students in Georgia, USA..”Public Health Nutrition, vol. 22, no. 3, Mar. 2919, pp. 476-485. Proquest, doi:10.1017/S1368980018003439. To see an example for a paraphrase from this article, click below. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=549#h5p-62 49MLA: Article Citation - Try it!See if you can identify the elements of an article citation and how they should be written in a works cited list citation. Check the KPU MLA online citation guide if you need help.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=354#h5p-29 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=354#h5p-31 VIIPart Seven: Practise ChicagoIn this part you will learn about and can practise the following using Chicago style:Footnotesfor books in printfor articles from a KPU databasefor webpagesBibliography citationsfor books in printfor articles from a KPU databasefor webpages50Chicago: Book CitationChicago Style usually uses either footnotes or endnotes as in the writeup to indicate a citation. Both require that you supply the full citation information the first time you cite an item. Subsequent citations can be abbreviated. Check the Library Citation Style Guide for examples. The basic elements for books in print consist of:AuthorTitle and (if available) subtitlePublishing informationYearYou usually find this information on the title page of the book and the back of the title page. Example: Note that in our example the subtitle on the book cover says “Teens talk about suicide” while the subtitle on the title page is ”Teens and suicide”. Always go by the information on the title page. How would an in-text citation from this book look?You need to place a superscript number after the end punctuation of your citation, like this.1 Footnotes appear at the bottom of the individual page where you cite, are single-spaced, and are preceded by the same number in regular script. If you decide to use endnotes, then all notes would appear in one list at the end of your write-up on a new page with the heading Notes, and before your bibliography. You will also need to include the page number(s) in your in-text citation. Example: Crook states that “the most difficult thing for them was the attitude of their parents”1____________________________1.Marion Crook, Out of the Darkness: Teens and Suicide (Vancouver, BC: Arsenal Pulp, 2003), 157. How does the citation for this book look like in the bibliography? For the bibliography entry, use the following template:Chicago Basic Book TemplateAuthor last name, Full Given Names. Title: Subtitle. Publishing Location: Publisher, Year. Bibliography entry for this bookCrook, Marion.Out of the Darkness: Teens and Suicide. Vancouver, BC: Arsenal Pulp, 2003.Note: these are the basic elements for a book citation, but sometimes there will be additional information you need to add, such as editors or edition information; or some elements, such as an author, may not be available. What if there is no author? What if there are multiple authors? What if there is no date? Whatever the situation, you still need to cite your source. Check out the Chicago Citation guide for answers to these and other questions, and if you need help, please ask a librarian. 51Chicago: Book Citation - Try it!See if you can identify the elements of a book citation and how they should be written in a bibliographic citation. Check the KPU Chicago online citation guide if you need help. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=307#h5p-46 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=307#h5p-47 52Chicago: Article CitationThe basic elements for a bibliographic citation for articles from a KPU database consist of:AuthorTitle and (if available) subtitle of the articlePublishing information: Title of the journal, volume and (if available) issue number, page numbers, Database name, https://doi.org/xxxxx (if available)DateYou usually find this information in the article details provided by the database or somewhere on the first page of the article.Example:Citation elements: What does DOI mean?The DOI (digital object identifier) will lead the reader to a stable webpage. It is a system that was developed so the reader would not encounter a broken link. If an article has a DOI, then you do not need to include the database name. If an article does not have a DOI, then include the database name instead. Chicago Basic Article Template for Bibliographic CitationsAuthor last name, Full Given Names. “Title: Subtitle of the Article.”Title of the Journal, volume #, issue no. # (if available) (Date): page #-page #. https://doi.org/xxxxx (if available). Bibliographic Citation for this ArticleRaskind, Ilana G., Regine Haardörfer, and Carla J. Berg. “Food Insecurity, Psychosocial Health and Academic Performance among College and University Students in Georgia, USA.”Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 3 (2019):476-485. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003439. How would a footnote look like for this article? Click below to see an example for a paraphrase. An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=551#h5p-63 53Chicago: Article Citation - Try it!See if you can identify the elements of an article citation and how they should be written in a bibliographic citation. Check the KPU Chicago online citation guide if you need help.An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=356#h5p-48 An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/academicintegrity/?p=356#h5p-49 1ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed).brgfx. (n.d.). Colourful recycle bins with recycle symbol isolated on colour background Free Vector. Freepik. https://www.freepik.comChris Spence (educator). (2020, August 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Spence_(educator)Crook, M. (2003). Out of the darkness: Teens and suicide. Arsenal Pulp Press.Denchuk, A. (n.d.) Processing the language of the paraphrase [Workshop materials]. University of Manitoba. Foot, D. K., & Stoffman, D. (1996). Boom, bust & echo: How to profit from the coming demographic shift. Macfarlane.Howard, R. M. (1993). A plagiarism pentimento. Journal of Teaching Writing, 11(3), 233-46.How Opal Mehta got kissed, got wild, and got a life. (2020, August 15). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Opal_Mehta_Got_Kissed,_Got_Wild,_and_Got_a_LifeInternational Center for Academic Integrity. (2013). The fundamental values of academic integrity (2nd ed.). https://www.academicintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Fundamental-Values-2014.pdfImagerymajestic. (2012). Young man using laptop [Image]. FreeDigitalPhotos.net. http://www.freedigitalphotos.netjavi_indy (n.d.). Multi-ethnic group of young men and women studying indoors [Image]. https://www.freepik.com/photos/businessJayson Blair. (2020, July 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayson_BlairLanegran, K. (2004, July 2). Fending off a plagiarist. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 50(43), C1. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012182522/http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i43/43c00101.htmLi, P. (2010). Germany’s failed multiculturalism: Can the Canadian model provide a solution? [Unpublished essay]. Department of Political Science, POLI 4125: The politics of multiculturalism in Canada, Kwantlen Polytechnic University.McMaster University. (2009). Three column note taking. http://www.mcmaster.ca/academicintegrity/students/typeofad/plagiarism/3ColmNote.htmlMerriam Webster. (n.d.). Plagiarizing. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary (11th ed.). Retrieved August 11, 2020 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarizingMiles, S. (2011). Young girl studying textbooks [Image]. FreeDigitalPhotos.net. http://www.freedigitalphotos.netModern Language Association of America. (2016). MLA handbook (8th ed.).MusicCentric Technologies. (2018). IntegrityMatters [Mobile application software]. https://apps.apple.com/Pattison, T. (2002). Avoiding plagiarism: A guide for ESL students. Trent University.Plagiarism. (1987). In S. B. Flexner (Ed.), The Random House dictionary of the English language (2nd ed.). Random House.ShariJo. (2019, July 6). [Image of graduation cap and scroll]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/illustrations/graduation-cap-and-scroll-4319259/Steele, A. (2017). Contract cheating: Will students pay for serious criminal consequences? (2017). Alternative Law Journal 42(2), 123-129.Stern, L. ( 2007). What every student should know about avoiding plagiarism. Pearson.The Writing Center University of Wisconsin-Madison. (n. d.) Quoting and paraphrasing. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/quotingsources/200degrees. (2016, September 15). [Image of templates}. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/vectors/browser-internet-tab-new-tab-1666995/Wellman, A. R. P. (2012). The Art of the matter: The importance of using art in the college classroom to promote creativity and reinforce lessons. The Open Education Journal, 5, 27–33. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874920801205010027 2Special thanks in the development of this tutorial go to:Christina Page from the Learning Centre for contributing information on paraphrasing, note-taking and tutoringHarvinder Singh and Dave Bhatti from the Learning Centre for creating the Plagiarism Video in Module 2Caroline Daniels and Karen Meijer-Kline from the Library for their assistance with PressbooksRobin Leung and Omar Jakir from IT with their technical assistance with Moodle and the badging processKPU faculty and other colleagues who took time to review the draft and provided invaluable feedback and suggestionsPK
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