Chapter 6: Modals
II. Social Function of Modals: Modals for Social Interaction and Engagement
1.0 Introduction to the Social Function of Modals
One kind of modal is a modal that has a Social Function. It is used in social interaction and engagement. This means that we modify verbs in some way in order to influence others in some way. This can include how forcefully or politely we say something—how we are negotiating something or how we express social control.
There are different forms for how these modals are written, including simple modals or phrasal modals (modals which are made by adding words such as auxiliary verbs to the modal). However, most modals of social function are simple modals made up of a single word modal + a base form verb:
2.0 Simple Modals
- willingness or intent
- can, will, could, should be able to
- obligations/expectations
- must, have to/has to
- different levels of advisability
- could, should, might
- permission/denial/prohibition
- can/can’t/must not
- requests
- could + pronoun (example: Could I . . . ?)
Simple modals are also used to express things that are facts or generally true, things that are true at the time of speaking, or statements about future actions:
Examples
You shouldn’t drink coffee before you go to bed. It will keep you up all night. (general facts or things that are generally true)
He might be too busy to come to the meeting this afternoon.
He must be running late. He was supposed to be here at 6:30.
I will come by here at 3:30 p.m.
She called and said that they might be 30 minutes late. We should start the meeting without her.
Simple modals are formed by adding the base form of a verb to a modal. There is no 3rd-person singular form.
Examples
I must go.
You should study.
They might go to the movie.
He musts go (this is wrong).
Below is a list of the most common modals of social function with an additional brief explanation of how they are used. Following this, there is an expanded explanation of each, followed by practice exercises. They do include both simple and phrasal modals. However, most modals of social function are simple modals.
3.0 Summary List of Modals of Social Interaction: Social Interactions and Negotiations
3.1 Willingness, Promises and Intentions
Examples
I can go to the store to get some cheese. (willingness)
I will call you tonight! (promise)
I should be able to finish this by 4:30 p.m. (intention)
3.2 Permission
There are both simple and phrasal forms of this modal.
3.2.1 Simple
Examples
You may use this desk if you would like to.
You can use my laptop if you need it.
3.2.2 Phrasal
While simple modals of permission use ‘can’ and ‘may’, the phrasal modal is ‘be allowed to’. The same form of modal is used to make a statement. Note that there are past and future forms of the phrasal modal of permission.
Examples
I was allowed to use my friend’s car to drive to Chicago.
We were allowed to go to the theatre alone when we were kids. (past)
My brother will be allowed to drive my mother’s car when he is 18. (future)
3.3 Requests and Offers
Examples
Could you put this plastic in the recycle bin?
I could help you finish cleaning your car.
3.4 Preference
Example
I would rather watch an action movie.
3.5 Prohibition (Must Not Do)
Examples
You must not touch this wire. It is live, and you could get severely injured.
You cannot use this hairdryer—it belongs to me.
3.6 Advice
There are various levels of intensity when giving advice.
3.6.1 Weak Advice (Could Do)
Examples
You could call Gina and ask her to do it.
You might talk to your boss to see if you could get time off.
3.6.2 Medium to Strong Advice (Should Do)
Example
You should get an electric bike to go to work. It would save you a lot of money.
3.6.3 Absolute Advice—Obligation (Must Do—Don’t Have a Choice)
Examples
You have to study, or you will not get a good grade.
You must catch the 6:00 train, or you will be late for work.
Study Tips: Understanding Your Brain
While we often compare computers to the human brain, your brain is actually very different than most computers. Somehow, our brains are much better than computers (though this is changing), at least for some things.
So why are our brains so good?
- It is about processing power.
- Modern computer chips actually have much faster and processing power than a neuron, which is the computer chip of the brain.
- Some have more than one core. A core is like a mini-computer chip inside of a chip. Some computers are 4 core, 8 core, etc. This allows modern computers to do many things at one time. The computer divides up the work and gives each core part of the work.
- Our brains are so good because our brain is a multi-million core computer chip. Wow!
- The effect is that your brain can recognize patterns very easily and very quickly. So it is very good at learning.
- For example: We know that elephants follow a pattern, and we instantly know when we see a elephant.
- They have big ears, short tails, four thick legs, a long snake-like trunk, and two long ‘teeth’ called tusks, that stick out in front of their heads.
- For example: We know that elephants follow a pattern, and we instantly know when we see a elephant.
Everything in our brain is connected! It is not like a jar full of individual coffee beans. It is like a spider web.
To get the bug (find the information we are looking for), find something in our brain that it is connected to and then just pull out everything that it is connected to. For example: When we lose something, we can try to remember what we were doing and where we were doing it when we lost that something.
What to do?
- Understand the web pattern/design!
- Memorize the web form (outline).
- Everything else sticks to the web, like a bug sticks to a spider web. If you have a web, everything else sticks to it more easily.
- Look at and memorize how the Modals are connected to verbs in two ways: Social Function and Descriptive/Interpretive Function. Then look at the things that are connected to these to functions. Memorize the different functions of each and analyze/memorize HOW they are connected (their function).
4.0 Categories of the Social Function of Modals
In the following sections, the different social functions of modals are explored, with explanations of how they are used, with examples to demonstrate these, and with exercises to practice them with.
4.1 Willingness, Promises and Intentions
4.1.1 Willingness and Promises
Modals can be used to show that someone is willing to do something—meaning that they are volunteering to do it. However, there is a bit of nuance in this.
4.1.1.1 Willingness: Can
We use ‘can’ IF the other person would like us to do it. They may not want us to do it or need for us to do it.
Examples
A: I need someone to help me move next weekend. Can anyone help me?
B: I am free on the weekend. I can help you.
I can go to the store to get some cheese.
4.1.1.2 Promises: Will
‘Will’ is stronger than ‘can’. We expect that the other person will do it. It can be used to make a promise, meaning that the other person can be 100% sure that you will do it. Contractions can be used with ‘will’; however, they are only used for speaking and for informal written communication such as texting.
Examples
I will wash the dishes after dinner.
We’ll call you tonight!
I’ll make dinner tonight.
- you’ll, he’ll, she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll: abbreviations for future tense are only used in speaking. In informal writing, only ‘I’ll’ is used.
4.1.2 Intentions
Intentions are things that we have decided to do. We can use ‘will’ or ‘going to’. ‘Going to’ is a phrasal model and has a slightly different nuance than ‘will’. ‘Going to’ is more than an intention—we use it when we have actually made plans to do something. Another phrase for expressing a very low level of intention, though not a modal, is ‘thinking of’.
4.1.2.1 Low Intention: Thinking Of
There is a possibility that the intentions could change. It is a very low level of intention.
Example
4.1.2.2 Intention: Will
This is a high level of intention. It can be used as a promise (100% intention).
Example
4.1.2.3 Intention With a Plan: Going To
Example
4.1.2.4 Intention at the Time of Speaking
We use ‘will’ or ‘going to’ to differentiate when the intention was decided. We use ‘will’ when a decision is made at the time of speaking. We use ‘going to’ when the decision was made in advance.
Examples
- A: I’m going to eat at a Vietnamese restaurant. I haven’t cooked dinner. Does anyone want to go with me?
B: I’ll (I will) go with you. - A: What are you going to do over the weekend.
B: Well, my friend and I are going to eat at this new Thai restaurant on Saturday.
4.1.2.5 Intention vs Ability
An intention is weaker than a promise. In some cases, we are willing to do it, but we are not sure that we are able to do it. So, there is a chance that we will not do it. At the moment, we think that we can do it, but this could change.
For intention, the same forms can be used as for a promise. However, a weaker form would be, “I should be able to do it.” This is a phrasal modal with Modal + BE.
Examples
I should be able to finish this by 3:00 p.m.
They should be able to go with us to the movie tonight.
4.1.3 Negative Forms for Willingness, Promise and Intentions
There is also negative form of modals for willingness, promise and intentions, which we use to describe something that will NOT happen. An intention is usually first expressed, followed by a statement that it will not happen. Here, the social purpose is to show that we are willing to do something, but that we are not able to do it, or it is not possible. ‘Would’ is used as a modal, followed by a statement saying that it will not happen.
Examples
I would be able to get better grades, but my job is taking too much of my time.
She would help you, but she has a dentist appointment at that time.
If a negative form of this modal is used in the past, the speaker says that something was intended in the past, but it did not happen. Usually, a reason is given for why it did not happen. Here, we use ‘would’ or ‘would not’ + ‘have’ + past participle of the main verb. This is usually followed by a reason for why it did not happen. It is also possible to use ‘could’ + ‘have’ + past participle of the main verb to say that it was possible but did not happen.
Examples
I would have called you this afternoon, but my phone was not working.
I could have gotten the promotion if I had taken an extra course in customer service.
Exercises
- Underline the modals in the following sentences. When you are finished, discuss with a partner whether each is a modal of willingness, promises, or intentions.
Imagine that you are the CEO of a rocket company. You are very good at building rockets, but you don’t know how to make them actually fly. You need to find another company that can (ability—not willingness) build the equipment and computer programs that are needed to control the rockets. You have a number of companies that are applying to do this work, but they seem to have different levels of confidence.
Contractor #1 says that they can do this—they have the ability and willingness to do this.
Contractor #2 says that they are going to do this. They seem to have a lot of confidence that they can do it, and they seem to have plans to do it. But last year, they said that they could do it, but they got too busy with something else, and then told you that they had to back out (but… maybe someone else was actually paying them more money?). Now they say that their schedule is clear and that they are going to do this. They already have it in their schedule, and they have plans to do it. Well, they have a lot of plans, but you wonder if they really mean it when they say that they are going to do it.
Contractor #3 doesn’t seem to have as much confidence as company #2. They said that they should be able to do this. But maybe they mean that they have the ability to do it but not the time? Or maybe they have the time but are not sure if they have the expertise to do it. Their plans don’t seem to be set in concrete (firm/solid).
Contractor #4 can’t do it. They are very capable and trustworthy. They do what they say they will do. Unfortunately, they told you that they would do it, but that they are too busy. They did say that they don’t want to miss this opportunity, but that they couldn’t truthfully say that they can do it.
Answers show/hide
Imagine that you are the CEO of a rocket company. You are very good at building rockets, but you don’t know how to make them actually fly. You need to find another company that can (ability—not willingness) build the equipment and computer programs that are needed to control the rockets. You have a number of companies that are applying to do this work, but they seem to have different levels of confidence.
Contractor #1 says that they can do this—they have the ability and willingness to do this.
Contractor #2 says that they are going to do this. They seem to have a lot of confidence that they can do it, and they seem to have plans to do it. But last year, they said that they could do it, but they got too busy with something else, and then told you that they had to back out (but… maybe someone else was actually paying them more money). Now they say that their schedule is clear and that they are going to do this. They already have it in their schedule, and they have plans to do it. Well, they have a lot of plans, but you wonder if they really mean it when they say that they are going to do it.
Contractor #3 doesn’t seem to have as much confidence as company #2. They said that they should be able to do this. But maybe they mean that they have the ability to do it but not the time? Or maybe they have the time but are not sure if they have the expertise to do it. Their plans don’t seem to be set in concrete (firm/solid).
Contractor #4 can’t do it. They are very capable and trustworthy. They do what they say they will do. Unfortunately, they told you that they would do it, but that they are too busy. They did say that they don’t want to miss this opportunity, but that they couldn’t truthfully say that they can do it.
- Underline the modal and double underline the main verb in the following paragraph.
A: I thought that you were going to clean up the apartment this morning.B: I would do it, but I just got a call from my friend, and she wanted to go out for coffee. She did not get the job she wanted, so she was feeling a little depressed.
A: Well, couldn’t you clean it up when you get back?
B: Well, I could, but listening to my friend made me tired, and I needed to rest a bit.
A: Okay, but it needs to be done. When are you going to do it?
B: Ahh. I would do it now, but I need to get some groceries. I have nothing to eat. I could do it this this evening after dinner, but I will definitely do it by tomorrow morning.
Answers show/hide
A: I thought that you were going to clean up the apartment this morning.
B: I would do it, but I just got a call from my friend, and she wanted to go out for coffee. She did not get the job she wanted, so she was feeling a little depressed.
A: Well, couldn’t you have cleaned up when you got back?
B: Well, I could have, but listening to my friend made me tired, and I needed to rest a bit.
A: Okay, but it needs to be done. When are you going to do it?
B: Ahh. I would do it now, but I need to get some groceries. I have nothing to eat. I could do it this this evening after dinner, but I will definitely do it by tomorrow morning.
- Decide the best modal to use in the following sentences and write it in the blanks below. Choose from ‘can’, ‘will’, ‘going to’, and ‘should be able to’. For negative forms, use ‘would’.
- A: I am having trouble finding a way to my doctor’s appointment tomorrow. Would anyone be able to help me?
B: Well, if you want a ride, I do it. - A: We really need to submit the proposal for the building project by Monday.
B: Well, I have been working hard on it. It is almost done; I submit it on time. - A: Do you think that you could come to the dance on Saturday?
B: It sounds like fun, and I go, but unfortunately I need to see my friend in the hospital. - A: Are you really intending on returning this library book tomorrow? Do you really have time to go to the library?
B: I said that I do it, and I . - A: I’m do some hiking tomorrow. Do you want to come with me?
B: But is supposed to rain tomorrow.
A: I don’t care. I have been planning this for weeks already, and I have a good rain jacket. - A: I heard that you be attending Ivy University this fall.
B: Well, I was go to Ivy, but I lost my job, and now I can’t afford it. - A: It looks like you need a new pair of shoes.
B: I buy a new pair, but I love these shoes. I don’t usually wear them in public.
A: Oh, I see. But, really, they look like they are falling apart. - A: you please help me! I have been trying for one hour to get this coffee machine to work.
B: Sure, I , but maybe you should just plug it in first. - A: I’m drive to the grocery store. I have made up a list of the things I need. Do you want me to pick up anything for you?
B: Actually, I am having a friend over this afternoon. I’m need some coffee. - A: Some of us in this class are getting together tomorrow at 3:00 to plan our project. Can you make it?
B: I , but I need to check my schedule first to make sure that I don’t have any other meetings I need to be at.
Answers show/hide
- can
- should be able to
- would
- would
will - going to
- will
going to - would
- will
can - going to
going to - should be able to
- A: I am having trouble finding a way to my doctor’s appointment tomorrow. Would anyone be able to help me?
- Write sentences that use modals for willingness, promises and intentions. Use ‘can’, ‘will’, ‘going to’, and ‘should be able to’. For negative forms, use ‘would’.
- What is something that you said as a promise in the past, but that you wish you had not promised? What did you say?
- What is something exciting that you are going to do in the next year? What plans have you made?
- If a friend called you right now and asked you to go to a restaurant for dinner, what would you say? (use either ‘will’ or ‘would . . . but’)
- What is something that you are really hoping to do and maybe have already made some plans for, but you are not sure if it will work at this time?
Answers will vary. - What is something that you said as a promise in the past, but that you wish you had not promised? What did you say?
4.2 Permission and Prohibition (Social Regulation) 
4.2.1 Permission: Can, May, BE Permitted, BE Allowed
When giving permission for someone to do something, we use ‘can’ or ‘may’. ‘May’ is considered more formal and polite. It is more often used in work situations or formal situations. It is also used when asking permission to use something or to do something rather than being used to give permission to use something or to do something. When we are requesting something, we usually want to be more polite.
- There are both simple and phrasal forms of this type of modal.
- There are different levels of intensity and formality associated with these modal forms.
- ‘can’ is informal and not very strong
- ‘may’ is more formal
- ‘must’ is very strong
Permission is related to social control. It is usually used in a situation where there are certain rules place in place or when someone has control over something or over behavior in a certain place or situation. We use ‘may’ or ‘may not’ for this function.
‘Can’ is usually used more informally; however, like ‘may’ it can also be used when someone has control over something. It is less formal than may and is usually used in a situation in which formal or pre-determined rules are not on place. Rather, it is used in a situation where someone usually owns something or when someone normally has control over behavior in a certain place or situation.
Examples
You can watch TV if you want to.
You may watch TV if you want to.
Phrasal Forms:
- ‘BE permitted’ and ‘BE allowed’ are the most formal of these modals and are usually used to refer to rules or laws in an official setting.
- ‘BE permitted’ and ‘BE allowed’ are not actually modals; rather, they are passive verbs with the verb BE + participle form.
- While they are verbs, they do have the same function as modals.
- These forms are the most formal, and they also have an official aspect to them.
- These modals can be preceded by a noun form (gerund or noun phrase).
Example
Smoking is not allowed here. - Since these modal-like phrases are actually verbs, when they are followed by a verb, the verb takes on an infinitive form.
Example
You are not permitted to smoke here.
While simple modals of permission use ‘can’ and ‘may’, the phrasal modal is ‘BE allowed’ + infinitive or ‘BE permitted’ + infinitive. Note that there are past and future forms of the phrasal modal of permission. There are also negative forms (not permitted to, not allowed to).
Examples
Compare:
Simple:
- You can/may use my laptop.
Phrasal: This has a more official aspect to it.
- Am I allowed to use this phone?
- I was allowed to use my friend’s car to drive to Chicago.
- We were allowed to go to the theatre alone when we were kids. (past)
- We were permitted to leave early from class because we had an important meeting. (this is more official and rule-based)
- We will be allowed to leave at 4:30 p.m. today.
Phrasal verb forms may come after gerunds used as noun subjects, and they are often followed by infinitive verbs because they refer to a particular action:
Examples
Smoking is permitted only outside of the building. (refers to the noun subject ‘smoking’)
You are permitted to smoke only outside of the building. (modal followed by infinitive)
Simple Form:
- ‘can’ + base form of verb
- ‘may’ + base form of verb (formal)
- ‘must’ + base form of verb
Negative Forms:
- cannot, can’t
- may not (formal)
- must not
Examples
You may use this desk if you would like to.
You can use my laptop if you need it.
You must not talk during the test.
A: Can I use your pen?
B: Sure, go ahead.
A: May I open the window. It’s hot in here.
B. Sure, but make sure that the screen is closed. We don’t want any bugs to get in.
4.2.2 Prohibition: Cannot, Must Not, Not Permitted, Not Allowed
Modals are also used to prohibit (stop) someone from doing something. This is the highest level of pressure. It means that there will be serious negative effects if someone does this. They could be a government law or the rules of a facility or organization.
Again, ‘not permitted’ and ‘not allowed’ are the most formal, and they also have an official aspect to them.
Past and future forms can be used.
Examples
You must not touch this wire. It is live, and you could get electrocuted and die if you touch it.
You cannot use this hairdryer—it belongs to me.
Passengers must not smoke on an airplane.
You are not permitted to use this machine. It is dangerous if you don’t have training.
You are not allowed to use this copy machine. It is only for administrative use.
Am I allowed to use your espresso machine? (question)
Exercises
- Underline any modal of Permission or Prohibition in the following descriptions for visiting these important royal palaces or capitol grounds and buildings.
Figure 6.2 Rules for the capital grounds in Rome, Italy. Rules for the capital grounds in Rome, Italy
- You are not permitted to enter with a motor vehicle.
- You are not allowed to damage plants or pick flowers.
- You may not dispose of your garbage on the grounds of the capital.
- You must use a leash if you have a dog.
- You must clean up after your dog if they leave a mess.
Rules for visiting the Emperor’s Palace in Japan
The public is generally not permitted on the innermost grounds of the Emperor’s Palace in Japan; however, on the day after New Year’s Day and on the emperor’s birthday, the public is allowed to enter the inner grounds to see members of the emperor’s family. Of course, you are not allowed to get too close. The emperor’s family appears on a balcony to give a short speech.
During the rest of the year, you may tour the outer grounds of the palace. However, you must make reservations to do this. You can also see the East Gardens of the Imperial Palace.
Answers show/hide
Rules for the capital grounds in Rome, Italy
- You are not permitted to enter with a motor vehicle.
- You are not allowed to damage plants or pick flowers.
- You may not dispose of your garbage on the grounds of the capital.
- You must use a leash if you have a dog.
- You must clean up after your dog if they leave a mess.
Rules for visiting the Emperor’s Palace in Japan
The public is generally not permitted on the innermost grounds of the Emperor’s Palace in Japan; however, on the day after New Year’s Day and on the emperor’s birthday, the public is allowed to enter the inner grounds to see members of the emperor’s family. Of course, you are not allowed to get too close. The emperor’s family appears on a balcony to give a short speech.During the rest of the year, you may tour the outer grounds of the palace. However, you must make reservations to do this. You can also see the East Gardens of the Imperial Palace.
- Underline the modals in the following paragraph. Discuss with a partner why you think each was used in this context (or write your opinion in brief notes).
Rules for Touring the U.S. Capitol Building
- You must go through a security check and leave all large items, such as backpacks, behind.
- Food and drinks are not allowed in the Capitol Building.
- You must not touch any objects of art, such as statues.
- You are not permitted to go into any areas that are blocked by ropes.
- You must not run, push, yell, or do anything that could disturb others or potentially damage the building.
- You may talk in the building, but you are asked to use a quiet voice.
- You may bring your cell phone into the building, but it must be turned off while you are in the building.
Rules for Touring Buckingham Palace (Palace of the Queen of England)- You cannot bring food or drink onto the palace grounds, except for bottled water.
- If you would like to eat something, you may get food at the Garden Café.
- You may not bring a baby carriage onto the palace grounds; however, you can borrow a baby carriage. Breast-feeding your baby is also permitted.
- Carrying anything that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife, is not permitted on the grounds. It is illegal.
- Bicycles and skateboards are not allowed on the grounds.
- Visitors must be screened before entering. Before they are screened, they must remove anything made of metal from their pockets.
Answers show/hide
Rules for Touring the U.S. Capitol Building
- You must go through a security check and leave all large items, such as backpacks, behind. (This is a rule and is necessary to protect people in the Capitol Building.)
- Food and drinks are not allowed in the Capitol Building.
- You must not touch any objects of art, such as statues. (This is a rule/regulation. The objects are unique and cannot be replaced.)
- You are not permitted to go into any areas that are blocked by ropes.
- You must not run, push, yell, or do anything that could disturb others or potentially damage the building. (To Americans the Capitol building is very much respected because of what it represents.)
- You may talk in the building, but you are asked to use a quiet voice. (There are rules, but talking is allowed if it respects the Capitol Building and respects other visitors.)
- You may bring your cell phone into the building, but it must be turned off while you are in the building. (Cell phones are allowed because people do not want to leave them with someone else because they are personal property.)
Rules for Touring Buckingham Palace (Palace of the Queen of England)- You cannot bring food or drink onto the palace grounds, except for bottled water. (This is a regulation and is not allowed because the Palace contains many very expensive items that could be damaged by food or water.)
- If you would like to eat something, you may get food at the Garden Café. (This is a choice but eating is limited to the Garden Cafe).
- You may not bring a baby carriage onto the palace grounds; however, you can borrow a baby carriage. Breast-feeding your baby is also permitted. (It is hard to tell why this is a regulation or rule, but it is probably because they don’t want something dangerous, such as a weapon, hidden in a baby carriage.)
- Carrying anything that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife, is not permitted on the grounds. It is illegal. (‘Could’ is used because it is possible, but not allowed, that someone would try to do this.)
- Bicycles and skateboards are not allowed on the grounds.
- Visitors must be screened before entering. Before they are screened, they must remove anything made of metal from their pockets. (Again, this is a strict regulation. It is probably to make sure that no visitor is carrying a weapon which could be used against other visitors or even against the ‘Royals’ or their staff.)
- Write a modal for Permission and Prohibition from the following conversations.
Student A is someone who is not very polite, while Student B is someone who always tries to be polite. The teacher is quite traditional and is more formal.
School Situation
A: (1) I use your eraser for a minute? I made a mistake on my test.B: Yes, you (2) , but I need it back right away. I also made a mistake.
Teacher: Excuse me, you (3) to speak during an exam.
A: Sorry, I was just asking Tomas if I (4) use his eraser.
Teacher: Well, next time you should raise your hand and ask me about it first.
A: Okay, well (5) I use Tom’s eraser?
Teacher: Yes, you (6) . If he agrees, that is.
B: Yes, he (7) use my eraser.
Teacher: Yes, well then you (8) use his eraser.
Answers show/hide
- Can
- may
- are not permitted
- can
- may
- may
- may
- are permitted to
- Fill in the blanks with one of the following modals with the indicated verb: can, cannot, may, may not, BE permitted to, BE not permitted to, BE allowed to, BE not allowed to. Be sure to keep in mind the aspects of intensity and official functions of the modal. Remember that the phrasal modals ‘BE allowed’ and ‘BE permitted’ are not true modals. They are already verbs, so these forms must be followed by an infinitive.
- We (use) our cell phones during the meeting. (use the past tense)
- You (use) this study room while you are staying here.
- You (get) a cold drink from the refrigerator if you are thirsty.
- Starting next month, we (drink) coffee in the library. Maybe I won’t keep falling asleep in the library anymore.
- I (use) your phone to call for a taxi?
- You (park) here only between the hours of 3:00 PM and 4:00 PM in the afternoon.
- You (call) the office between the hours of 9 AM and 5 PM.
- This sign says that only guests of the hotel (use) the pool.
- I (use) one of these pens to fill out the application form?
Answers show/hide
- were not allowed
- can
- can OR may
- will be allowed OR will be permitted
- May OR Can
- are allowed OR are permitted
- may
- are allowed OR are permitted
- can OR may
- Use the following phrases to write sentences that use modals for Permission and Prohibition. You will need to add the modal that is in [square brackets]. You may also need to add words such as the verb ‘BE’ or change verbs to an infinitive form as you do this. You also may need to change the order of the phrases.
In some cases, there are two clauses, with one following the right arrow (→). Use the conjunction that is in the (round brackets).
Use ‘can’, ‘cannot’, ‘may’, ‘may not’, ‘are permitted’, ‘are not permitted’, ‘are allowed’, or ‘are not allowed’ for the following sentences:
- [permitted]: take / employees / 15-minute break / every two hours
- [may] anytime / call / she / after 3:00 p.m.
- [permitted (not)]: after 10:00 p.m. / use the laundry facilities / residents
- said that / the teenager’s mom → [allowed (not)] is / stay out / after 10:00 p.m. / on school days / he
- [can]: at my place / stay / you → (when) on your vacation / you / are
- [may] the common room / use / of the building / residents → (if) they / one week in advance / reserve it
Answers show/hide
- Employees are permitted to take a 15-minute break every two hours.
- She may call after 3:00 p.m.
- Residents are not permitted to use the laundry facilities after 10:00 p.m.
- The teenager’s mom said that he is not allowed to stay out after 10:00 p.m. on school days.
- You can stay at my place when you are on your vacation.
- Residents may use the common room of the building if they reserve it one week in advance.
- [permitted]: take / employees / 15-minute break / every two hours
- Write six rules for visiting a zoo. Use the different modals that are indicated.
- (must not)
- (not permitted)
- (not allowed)
- (can)
- (must not)
- (may)
Answers will vary.
4.3 Requests, 
Offers, 
and Obligations 
Requestions, offers and obligations are different than permission and prohibition in that there are usually no formal rules or control in place. Requests and offers are completely voluntary, and there is no one controlling this. Obligations are stronger. They are voluntary, but there is a social expectation that is involved.
4.3.1 Requests
A request is when we ask someone to do something for us. A request is much weaker than giving a command, which is often given in the imperative form (the subject is understood to be the person whom we are talking to). We do not, however, use modals in the imperative form. An obligation is very strong, but it is not a command. It is more of a social responsibility.
Examples
- Could you put this plastic in the recycle bin? (request)
- Could you call me this afternoon? (request)
- Call me this afternoon. (command)
- You must call me this afternoon. I need an answer by 3:00 o’clock. (command)
Note that requests are given in the form of a question.
The format for questions is like making any question from a verb with an auxiliary verb:
modal + subject + verb
Examples
Request: Could you put this in the garbage?
An offer is when we say that we will do something for someone else; however, it is somewhat stronger than expressing willingness.
Example
4.3.2 Offers
4.3.2.1 Offers: Can and Could
‘Can’, ‘could’ and ‘would’ are also used to make requests and to ask permission for something.
Examples
I could help you finish cleaning your car. (offer)
4.3.2.2 Offer That Is Not Possible: Would
We use ‘would’ to show that there is a willingness and a desire to help but that it is not possible to do it. Here, as with willingness, we use ‘would’ as the modal, followed by a verb and a statement giving a reason for why it is not possible.
Examples
I would be able to get better grades, but my job is taking too much of my time.
She would help you, but she has a dentist appointment at that time.
4.3.3 Obligation (Social Responsibility): Have To
We use phrasal modals to talk about obligations or social responsibilities.
Compare: Simple Modal vs. Phrasal Modal
Phrasal modals of request and obligation are stronger than simple modals. While there may not be any formal or predetermined rules in place, there is a strong social or institutional expectation that the request will be followed. Sometimes, there are negative consequences of not carrying out the request. So, they are more like an obligation (in effect, you don’t really have a choice).
Examples
Phrasal Modal: You have to hand in your assignment by tomorrow. (social or institutional responsibility—very strong)
Exercises
- Underline the modals for requests, offers and obligations (can, could, would) in the conversation below.
A: Could you help me get a table from the store? You have a van, right?B: Yes, I have a van. When would you like some help?
A: Are you available this Saturday?
B: Sorry, but I need to meet a friend this Saturday. But I could do it next Saturday.
A: Uhh. . . that won’t work. I really need help this Saturday.
B: Well, like I said, I would help you, but I really have to see my friend on Saturday.
A: You could change your plans, right? I mean, why do you have to see your friend on Saturday?
B: No, you don’t understand. She is a really good friend.
A: A better friend than me?
B: Well, no offence, but actually—yes. My friend and I are getting married this Saturday.
Answers show/hide
A: I need to get a table from the store. Could you help me? You have a van, right?
B: Yes, I have a van. When would you like some help?
A: Are you available this Saturday?
B: Sorry, but I need to meet a friend this Saturday. But I could do it next Saturday.
A: Uhh . . . that won’t work. I really need help this Saturday.
B: Well, like I said, I would help you, but I really have to see my friend on Saturday.
A: Couldn’t you change your plans? I mean, why do you have to see your friend on Saturday?
B: No, you don’t understand. She is a really good friend.
A: A better friend than me?
B: Well, no offence, but actually—yes. My friend and I are getting married this Saturday.
- Choose the right modal of requests, offers and obligations. Write ‘can’, ‘could, or ‘would’ in the blanks below.
I Need Help!A: (1) you go with me to choose a new phone? I don’t know much about phones.
B: When (2) you like me to go?
A: How about tomorrow in the afternoon?
B: Well, I can’t go in the afternoon, but I (3) go in the morning.
A: What about on Friday?
B: Well, I (4) be able to go, but I really need to go to the dentist.
A: You sound quite busy. I don’t want to bother you, but is there any time that you are able to go?
B: Well, I (5) actually go right now.
A: Oh, that’s too bad. I (6) be able to go now, but I have to help my mother. I told her that I would bring her to the dentist.
Answers show/hide
- Could
- would
- could
- would
- could
- would
- Complete the conversation with a modal for requests, offers and obligations. Use ‘can’, ‘could’, or ‘would’. Some of these modals are actually modals of possibility, so they are not included as a question.
Playing BadmintonA: I need someone to play badminton on the weekend. Are you free?
B: Yes, I (1) play with you. I love badminton.
A: (2) you play on Saturday?
B: Well, I (3) , but I need to get my groceries on Saturday.
A: How about Friday evening?
B: That would work. I can (possibility) definitely play on Friday evening. But I also have a request for you. (4) you lend me a badminton racquet? I broke mine last week.
A: Well, I (5) lend you my extra racquet. But you broke your last racquet because of clumsiness, and I am worried about it getting broken. It is very expensive.
B: No problem, if I break it, I (6) replace it.
A: Are you sure? Like I said, it is very expensive. It is a professional racquet. It cost me hundreds of dollars.
B: Oh, that is expensive. Maybe I can’t (possibility) play.
Answers show/hide
- can
- Could
- would
- Could
- would
- can
- Complete the sentences that express a willingness to do something that cannot actually be done. Some clauses are the excuse for not being able to do something, and other clauses are the (impossible/unreal) offer to help.
- I would take dance lessons with you, but .
- They would like to help learn to drive, but .
- , but I am afraid of water.
- I would take care of your cat while you are gone, but .
- , but I really hate disco music.
Answers will vary.
4.4 Preference and Desires
We express preference when we have a choice between different actions, situations, or things and we like one of the choices better than another. For example, if I were offered either an orange or an apple, I might like oranges better, so my preference is for an orange.
Modal Form:
- ‘would like’ + noun (preferred or desired object/something)
- ‘would like’ + infinitive (preferred or desired action)
- ‘would rather’ + ‘have’ + noun (preferred or desired object/something)
- ‘would rather’ + verb (preferred or desired action)
For Questions: Use the same pattern as a question with a verb that has an auxiliary. In this case, the modal goes before the subject of the sentence and the verb follows the subject.
- For questions about a choice, we often use the verb ‘prefer’ with a modal.
Example
Would you prefer this or that? - However, in statements, we don’t usually use the modal.
Example
I would prefer an orange.
Examples
Question:
- Would you like an apple? (desire)
- Would you like an apple or an orange? (preference)
- Would you prefer a sweater or a jacket?
Statement:
- I would like an apple.
- When asked about a desire, we would normally answer “Yes, thank you!” or “No, thank you.”
- I prefer an apple. (preference when given a choice—no modal used)
- When asked about a choice, we would normally say either, “I would like an/the apple” OR “I would prefer an/the apple.”
Other Examples:
- A: What kind of movie would you like to watch?
B: I would rather watch an action movie. - A: I would like to go out for dinner. Would you like to come with me?
B: OK. I’ll go with you. - A: What kind of food are you hungry for? Hamburgers and fries? Vietnamese?
B: I would rather have something light, so Vietnamese sounds good. - A: What kind of hat are you looking for?
B: Well, I need a hat for going to the beach, so I would like a hat with a big brim—to protect me from the sun. - A: I am going skating. Would you like to go with me?
B: I would rather watch a movie. It’s cold outside, and I am not a very good skater. I’m afraid of falling.
Exercises
- Fill in the blanks with a modal expression of preference or desire. Use the modal form that is in [brackets] at the front of the sentence.
- If the preference is about an action (there is a verb in parentheses behind it), be sure to write the verb as an infinitive.
- In a conversation the person who is answering uses the same modal that the person asking the question used.
Example:
A: Do I need to finish this?
B: Yes, you do need to finish it (or “Yes, you do.” for a short answer).
- [like, would] I can speak Italian, so I (visit) Italy someday.
- [like, would] A: Which (like, you) spaghetti or lasagna?
B: I spaghetti. - [prefer, would] A: Which (prefer) your daughter as a pet? A cat or a dog?
B: She a dog. - [would] My friend is really thirsty. She (like) some cold water if you have any.
- [rather, would] A: (take, you) the bus or ride a bicycle?
B: I (take) the bus. I am very tired. - [like, would] A: (like, you, leave) at 6:00 or at 7:30?
B: (leave, I) as soon as possible, so 6:00 sounds good. - [prefer, would] A: Which hair style (prefer, you)—straight, wavy or curly?
B: I my hair to be curly.
Answers show/hide
- would like to
- would you like
would like - would your daughter prefer
prefers - would like (desire, not choice)
- Would you like
would rather - Would you like
would like to leave - would you like
would like
- Answer the following questions about desires and preferences. Use complete sentences. Then tell why you would choose what you have chosen. After you are finished, you may share your answers with a partner.
- Would you rather have a dog or a cat as a pet?
Why? - Which country would you like to travel to?
Why? - If someone offered you a new car, what kind of car would you like?
Why? - Would you rather live in an extremely cold climate or an extremely hot climate?
Why? - Would you like to work as a dentist or as a realtor (sell houses or property).
Why? - Would you prefer to live at the age you are or be a child of six years old?
Why? - What would you like to eat right now?
Why?
Answers will vary. - Would you rather have a dog or a cat as a pet?
4.5 Advice and Obligation: Different Levels of Intensity
Modals can be used to give advice or express obligations at different levels of intensity. Intensity refers to the pressure put on someone to do something because of how important it is. Intensity is sometimes connected to the idea of formality. Usually, we use formality to respect the rights of another person to make their own decision, without being pressured by another person to do it. Formality is also influenced by the situation we are in and by the person whom we are speaking with.
Again, there are different levels of intensity when giving advice.
The difference between giving advice and obligations is that obligations are connected with a social, employment or institutional expectation or responsibility to do something. Modals that refer to obligation are phrasal modals: ‘supposed to’, ‘required to’, or ‘obligated to’.
Examples
| Adivce | Obligation |
|---|---|
|
You should ask her to do it. I think that you should wear your dress shoes. You could give tickets to a concert for a gift. |
I’m supposed to ask her to do it. (medium, informal) You are required to call your boss if you are sick and can’t come to work. (absolute/strong) You are obligated to buy a wedding present if you attend someone’s wedding dinner. (strong/formal) |
4.5.1 Simple Modals
Examples
Weak Advice (Could Do):
- You might want to wear something more relaxed.
- You could call Gina and ask her to do it.
- You might talk to your boss to see if you could get time off.
Medium to Strong Advice (Should Do):
- You should get an electric bike to go to work. It would save you a lot of money.
Strong/Absolute Advice—Necessity (Must Do—You Don’t Have a Choice):
- You have to study, or you will not get a good grade.
- You must catch the 6:00 train, or you will be late for work.
4.5.2 Phrasal Modals
Just as with simple modals, there are different levels of intensity and formality with phrasal modals. Phrasal modals are followed by an infinitive verb.
Although it appears that these phrasal modals are followed by an infinitive verb, the word ‘to’ is actually part of the phrasal modal and does not make up an infinitive verb. However, in most cases, except when the situation calls for another verb tense, the modal is followed the base form of the verb, just like an infinitive is. Modals and verb tenses will be discussed later.
Examples
We are supposed to send the pictures today. They are waiting for them. (weaker)
I am obligated to clean the apartment since I had a party here last night. (social necessity)
We are going to send some money. (strong obligation that implies a plan to do it)
We have to call them. We said that we would call them if we are running late. (social necessity)
You have got to pay your speeding ticket, or they may take away your license. (strong necessity—implies negative effects if not followed)
Exercises
- Look at the situations below. What level of intensity would you use in the following situations: Weak? Medium? Strong? Write ‘w’ for weak, ‘m’ for medium, and ‘s’ for strong. If someone has an obligation to do something, write ‘mo’ for a medium obligation and ‘so’ for a strong obligation.
- Your friend doesn’t know which pants they should wear to a wedding.
- Your mother is upset. Your mother’s friend forgot her birthday.
- Your grandfather wants to learn to play an instrument. He wants advice on which instrument to play.
- Your friend can’t decide whether to wear a sweater or a jacket.
- Your uncle doesn’t want to attend his nephew’s wedding. He doesn’t like his nephew’s girlfriend.
- Your friend is depressed. He just broke up with his girlfriend. He wants to see a movie, but he can’t decide whether to see an action movie or a romantic comedy.
- Your friend just got her driver’s license, and she has been driving too fast.
- Your younger brother wants to play football on the school team, but your parents want him to spend more time studying.
- Your friend is sick and needs to stay home from classes. Students are required to contact the teacher if they are going to be absent, but your friend is not feeling well and doesn’t think it is important.
Answers show/hide
Answers may vary.
- w
- m
- w
- w
- mo OR so
- w
- s
- s OR m
- mo OR so
- Write advice for the above situations using a modal at the level of intensity that you have chosen. If the situation takes the form of an obligation, use a modal for obligation. Then, tell why you have made the suggestion.
-
Why? -
Why? -
Why? -
Why? -
Why? -
Why? -
Why? -
Why? -
Why?
Answers will vary. -
5.0 Phrasal Modals: An Introduction
So far, we have used only simplesingle-word modals that come before the base form of a verb. However, there are also phrasal modals, which use compounded words, including additional auxiliary verbs or other words. Modals are actually auxiliary verbs; however, other auxiliary verbs can be added to the modal to make a phrasal modal. Other forms of verbs besides the base form of the verb are also used in phrasal modals.
5.1 Comparing Simple Modals and Phrasal Modals: Introduction
5.1.1 Simple Modals and Verb Tenses
So far, we have looked at Simple Modals (meaning just the modal + base form verb) that are used for the present. However, there are also Simple Modals that are, by definition, a past modal or a future modal.
- ‘Can’ has a past modal, ‘could’, that means the same thing. However, ‘could’ is its own separate word—it is not the past form of ‘can’. It has the meaning of ‘able to do’ something.
Example
When he was young, he could run a marathon, but now he can only manage five kilometers. - ‘Would’ is used for a repeated action in the past.
Example
When he was young, he would run 10 kilometers every day.
Simple modals don’t have a different verb tense form for past, present and future. Instead, the phrasal modal is itself a past, present, or future modal. Here, the verb tense is expressed through the modal, which we choose, and the context, which usually includes a time word. The important thing to remember with simple modals is that the written form of the verb doesn’t change when you use a past or future modal. Instead, you just use a different modal with the base form of the verb. The base form of the verb does not change.
Examples
Present: I can speak three languages now.
Past: In the past, I could only speak my own language.
Future: The weather forecaster said that it will be cloudy tomorrow.
Past: Yesterday, the weather forecaster said that it would rain.
Note: Some language experts say that there is actually no future tense in English. Instead, the future modals ‘will’ and ‘going to’ are used. Note the examples above. The modals are often used with time words (such as ‘tomorrow’ and ‘yesterday’), so the context puts it in the future.
5.1.2 Phrasal Modals
Phrasal modals have some of the same functions as simple modals, but they have additional nuances (slight additions or changes to meaning). Unlike simple modals, most phrasal modals have a descriptive function rather than a social function.
- Like simple modals, the past or future tense of the phrasal modal depends on the modal we choose, the meaning that is being expressed, and also by its context. However, unlike simple modals, phrasal modals can include forms that are normally used with verbs (such as progressive and perfect forms). These are mostly used with modals that have a descriptive function rather than a social function.
- Phrasal modals that use ‘to’ or ‘had better’ are usually more flexible and express different nuances of social obligation than the simple modal ‘must’. For example, ‘must’ has a fairly straightforward (simple) meaning of not having a choice. ‘Had better’ also means that we don’t have a choice, but also that there will be a negative effect if we do or don’t do something.
- In addition, there is flexibility of function. ‘Had better’ can be used as a social obligation or, on the other hand, as a practical necessity.
- Like simple modals, different levels of intensity are expressed by using different modals. For example, ‘ought to’ is fairly weak, while ‘need to’ implies that there is no choice.
Both simple modals and phrasal modals have different social functions, though phrasal modals tend to deal with intensity and nuance of meaning.
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